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2015 ; 2015
(ä): 341308
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Current Concept and Update of the Macrophage Plasticity Concept: Intracellular
Mechanisms of Reprogramming and M3 Macrophage "Switch" Phenotype
#MMPMID26366410
Malyshev I
; Malyshev Y
Biomed Res Int
2015[]; 2015
(ä): 341308
PMID26366410
show ga
Macrophages play a key role in immunity. In this review, we consider the
traditional notion of macrophage plasticity, data that do not fit into existing
concepts, and a hypothesis for existence of a new switch macrophage phenotype.
Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can reprogram their phenotype
toward the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or toward the anti-inflammatory M2
phenotype. Macrophage reprogramming involves well-coordinated changes in
activities of signalling and posttranslational mechanisms. Macrophage
reprogramming is provided by JNK-, PI3K/Akt-, Notch-, JAK/STAT-, TGF-?-,
TLR/NF-?B-, and hypoxia-dependent pathways. Posttranscriptional regulation is
based on micro-mRNA. We have hypothesized that, in addition to the M1 and M2
phenotypes, an M3 switch phenotype exists. This switch phenotype responds to
proinflammatory stimuli with reprogramming towards the anti-inflammatory M2
phenotype or, contrarily, it responds to anti-inflammatory stimuli with
reprogramming towards the proinflammatory M1 phenotype. We have found signs of
such a switch phenotype in lung diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of
macrophage reprogramming will assist in the selection of new therapeutic targets
for correction of impaired immunity.