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.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 Front+Cell+Neurosci
2015 ; 9
(ä): 341
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Ultrastructural studies of ALS mitochondria connect altered function and
permeability with defects of mitophagy and mitochondriogenesis
#MMPMID26388731
Ruffoli R
; Bartalucci A
; Frati A
; Fornai F
Front Cell Neurosci
2015[]; 9
(ä): 341
PMID26388731
show ga
The key role of mitochondria in patients affected by amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS) is well documented by electron microscopy studies of motor
neurons within spinal cord and brainstem. Nonetheless, recent studies challenged
the role of mitochondria placed within the cell body of motor neuron. In fact, it
was demonstrated that, despite preservation of mitochondria placed within this
compartment, there is no increase in the lifespan of transgenic mouse models of
ALS. Thus, the present mini-review comments on morphological findings of
mitochondrial alterations in ALS patients in connection with novel findings about
mitochondrial dynamics within various compartments of motor neurons. The latter
issue was recently investigated in relationship with altered calcium homeostasis
and autophagy, which affect mitochondria in ALS. In fact, it was recently
indicated that a pathological mitophagy, mitochondriogenesis and calcium
homeostasis produce different ultrastructural effects within specific regions of
motor neurons. This might explain why specific compartments of motor neurons
possess different thresholds to mitochondrial damage. In particular, it appears
that motor axons represent the most sensitive compartment which undergoes the
earliest and most severe alterations in the course of ALS. It is now evident that
altered calcium buffering is compartment-dependent, as well as mitophagy and
mitochondriogenesis. On the other hand, mitochondrial homeostasis strongly relies
on calcium handling, the removal of altered mitochondria through the autophagy
flux (mitophagy) and the biogenesis of novel mitochondria (mitochondriogenesis).
Thus, recent findings related to altered calcium storage and impaired autophagy
flux in ALS may help to understand the occurrence of mitochondrial alterations as
a hallmark in ALS patients. At the same time, the compartmentalization of such
dysfunctions may be explained considering the compartments of calcium dynamics
and autophagy flux within motor neurons.