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Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 J+Nucl+Med 2015 ; 56 (3): 483-8 Nephropedia Template TP
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Cerenkov specific contrast agents for detection of pH in vivo #MMPMID25655631
J Nucl Med 2015[Mar]; 56 (3): 483-8 PMID25655631show ga
We report the design, testing and in vivo application of pH sensitive contrast agents designed specifically for Cerenkov imaging. Radioisotopes used for positron emission tomography (PET) emit photons via Cerenkov radiation. The multispectral emission of Cerenkov radiation allows for selective bandwidth quenching, where a band of photons are quenched by absorption by a functional dye. Under acidic conditions, 18F-labeled derivatives emit the full spectrum of Cerenkov light. Under basic conditions, the dyes change color and a wavelength-dependent quenching of Cerenkov emission is observed.METHODS: Mono and di-18F-labeled derivatives of phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) and meta-cresolsulfonphthalein (cresol purple) were synthesized by electrophilic fluorination. Cerenkov emission was measured at different wavelengths as a function of pH in vitro. Intramolecular response was measured in fluorinated probes; intermolecular quenching by mixing phenolphthalein with 18F FDG. Monofluorocresol purple (MFCP) was tested in mice treated with acetazolamide to cause urinary alkalinization and Cerenkov images compared to PET images. RESULTS: Fluorinated pH indicators were produced with radiochemical yields of 4-11% at >90% purity. Selective Cerenkov quenching was observed intramolecularly with difluorophenol red or MFCP, and intermolecularly in phenolphthalein 18F-FDG mixtures. The probes were selectively quenched in the bandwidth closest to the indicator?s absorption maximum (?max) at pHs above the indicator pKa. Addition of acid or base to the probes resulted in reversible switching from unquenched to quenched emission. In vivo, the bladders of acetazolamide-treated mice exhibited a wavelength-dependent quenching in Cerenkov emission, with the greatest reduction occurring near the ?max. Ratiometric imaging at two wavelengths showed significant decreases in Cerenkov emission at basic pH and allowed the estimation of absolute pH in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: We have created contrast agents that selectively quench photons emitted during Cerenkov radiation within a given bandwidth. In the presence of a functional dye, such as a pH indicator, this selective quenching allows for a functional determination of pH in vitro and in vivo. This method can be used to obtain functional information from radiolabeled proves using multimodal imaging. It allows for the imaging of non-fluorescent chromophores and is generalizable to any functional dye that absorbs at suitable wavelengths.
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J+Nucl+Med 2015 ; 56 (3): 483-8
