Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=26010239&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534
Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\26010239.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 J+Pharm+Sci 2015 ; 104 (9): 3229-35 Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
Twit Text FOAVip
Twit Text #
English Wikipedia
Few Drugs Display Flip-Flop Pharmacokinetics and These Are Primarily Associated with Classes 3 and 4 of the BDDCS #MMPMID26010239
Garrison KL; Sahin S; Benet LZ
J Pharm Sci 2015[Sep]; 104 (9): 3229-35 PMID26010239show ga
Purpose: To determine the number of drugs exhibiting flip-flop pharmacokinetics following oral dosing from immediate release dosage forms and if they exhibit a common characteristic that may be predicted based on BDDCS classification. Method: The literature was searched for drugs displaying flip-flop kinetics (i.e. absorption half-life larger than elimination half-life) in mammals in PubMed, via internet search engines and reviewing drug pharmacokinetic data. Results: Twenty two drugs were identified as displaying flip-flop kinetics in humans (13 drugs), rat (9 drugs), monkey (3 drugs), horse (2 drugs), and/or rabbit (2 drugs). Nineteen of the 22 drugs exhibiting flip-flop kinetics were BDDCS Classes 3 and 4. One of the three exceptions, meclofenamic acid (Class 2), was identified in the horse however it would not exhibit flip-flop kinetics in humans where the oral dosing terminal half-life is 1.4 hr. The second, carvedilol, can be explained based on solubility issues, but the third sapropterin dihydrochloride (nominally Class 1) requires further consideration. Conclusion: The few drugs displaying oral flip-flop kinetics in humans are predominantly BDDCS Classes 3 and 4. New molecular entities predicted to be BDDCS Classes 3 and 4 could be liable to exhibit flip-flop kinetics when the elimination half life is short and should be suspected to be substrates for intestinal transporters.