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2015 ; 370
(1677
): 20140214
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The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric
disorders and in healthy people
#MMPMID26240429
Sahakian BJ
; Bruhl AB
; Cook J
; Killikelly C
; Savulich G
; Piercy T
; Hafizi S
; Perez J
; Fernandez-Egea E
; Suckling J
; Jones PB
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2015[Sep]; 370
(1677
): 20140214
PMID26240429
show ga
In addition to causing distress and disability to the individual,
neuropsychiatric disorders are also extremely expensive to society and
governments. These disorders are both common and debilitating and impact on
cognition, functionality and wellbeing. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as
cholinesterase inhibitors and methylphenidate, are used to treat cognitive
dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
respectively. Other cognitive enhancers include specific computerized cognitive
training and devices. An example of a novel form of cognitive enhancement using
the technological advancement of a game on an iPad that also acts to increase
motivation is presented. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as methylphenidate and
modafinil, which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by
healthy people. Modafinil not only affects 'cold' cognition, but also improves
'hot' cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The
lifestyle use of 'smart drugs' raises both safety concerns as well as ethical
issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. As a society, we
need to consider which forms of cognitive enhancement (e.g. pharmacological,
exercise, lifelong learning) are acceptable and for which groups (e.g. military,
doctors) under what conditions (e.g. war, shift work) and by what methods we
would wish to improve and flourish.
|Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
[MESH]
|Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy
[MESH]