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10.1242/jeb.029652 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1242/jeb.029652 C4495464!4495464!21753039     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       J+Exp+Biol 2011 ; 214 (15): 2463-73 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=21753039|t=2011. Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories |pdf=|usr=}}{{21753039}} gab.com Text Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories JO: J Exp Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=21753039 #FOAvip Escape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the directionality (the percentage of responses directed away from the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50?90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may introduce some unpredictability and may be an adaptive feature of the escape system. Similar issues apply to ETs. Theoretically, an optimal ET can be modelled on the geometry of predator?prey encounters. However, unpredictability (and hence high variability) in trajectories may be necessary for preventing predators from learning a simple escape pattern. This review discusses the emerging trends in escape trajectories, as well as the modulating key factors, such as the surroundings and body design. The main ET patterns identified are: (1) high ET variability within a limited angular sector (mainly 90?180 deg away from the threat; this variability is in some cases based on multiple peaks of ETs), (2) ETs that allow sensory tracking of the threat and (3) ETs towards a shelter. These characteristic features are observed across various taxa and, therefore, their expression may be mainly related to taxon-independent animal design features and to the environmental context in which prey live ? for example whether the immediate surroundings of the prey provide potential refuges. Twit Text FOAVip Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories ????J Exp Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=21753039 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=21753039 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|21753039}}</ref> Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories #MMPMID21753039 Domenici P; Blagburn JM; Bacon JP J Exp Biol 2011[Aug]; 214 (15): 2463-73 PMID21753039show ga Escape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the directionality (the percentage of responses directed away from the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50?90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may introduce some unpredictability and may be an adaptive feature of the escape system. Similar issues apply to ETs. Theoretically, an optimal ET can be modelled on the geometry of predator?prey encounters. However, unpredictability (and hence high variability) in trajectories may be necessary for preventing predators from learning a simple escape pattern. This review discusses the emerging trends in escape trajectories, as well as the modulating key factors, such as the surroundings and body design. The main ET patterns identified are: (1) high ET variability within a limited angular sector (mainly 90?180 deg away from the threat; this variability is in some cases based on multiple peaks of ETs), (2) ETs that allow sensory tracking of the threat and (3) ETs towards a shelter. These characteristic features are observed across various taxa and, therefore, their expression may be mainly related to taxon-independent animal design features and to the environmental context in which prey live ? for example whether the immediate surroundings of the prey provide potential refuges. äAnimal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing