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10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x C4491253!4491253!26146544     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Cell+Biosci 2015 ; 5 (ä): ä Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=26146544|t=2015. Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGF? signaling in macrophages |pdf=|usr=}}{{26146544}} gab.com Text Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGF signaling in macrophages JO: Cell Biosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26146544 #FOAvip Background: Under inflammatory conditions or during tumor progression macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes, with factors of the microenvironment such as hypoxia and transforming growth factor ? (TGF?) shaping their functional plasticity. TGF? is among the factors causing alternative macrophage activation, which contributes to tissue regeneration and thus, resolution of inflammation but may also provoke tumor progression. However, the signal crosstalk between TGF? and hypoxia is ill defined. Results: Exposing human primary macrophages to TGF? elicited a rapid SMAD2/SMAD3 phosphorylation. This early TGF?-signaling remained unaffected by hypoxia. However, with prolonged exposure periods to TGF?/hypoxia the expression of SMAD2 declined because of decreased protein stability. In parallel, hypoxia increased mRNA and protein amount of the calpain regulatory subunit, with the further notion that TGF?/hypoxia elicited calpain activation. The dual specific proteasome/calpain inhibitor MG132 and the specific calpain inhibitor 1 rescued SMAD2 degradation, substantiating the ability of calpain to degrade SMAD2. Decreased SMAD2 expression reduced TGF? transcriptional activity of its target genes thrombospondin 1, dystonin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Conclusions: Hypoxia interferes with TGF? signaling in macrophages by calpain-mediated proteolysis of the central signaling component SMAD2. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Twit Text FOAVip Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGF signaling in macrophages ????Cell Biosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26146544 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26146544 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|26146544}}</ref> Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGF? signaling in macrophages #MMPMID26146544 Cui W; Zhou J; Dehne N; Brüne B Cell Biosci 2015[]; 5 (ä): ä PMID26146544show ga Background: Under inflammatory conditions or during tumor progression macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes, with factors of the microenvironment such as hypoxia and transforming growth factor ? (TGF?) shaping their functional plasticity. TGF? is among the factors causing alternative macrophage activation, which contributes to tissue regeneration and thus, resolution of inflammation but may also provoke tumor progression. However, the signal crosstalk between TGF? and hypoxia is ill defined. Results: Exposing human primary macrophages to TGF? elicited a rapid SMAD2/SMAD3 phosphorylation. This early TGF?-signaling remained unaffected by hypoxia. However, with prolonged exposure periods to TGF?/hypoxia the expression of SMAD2 declined because of decreased protein stability. In parallel, hypoxia increased mRNA and protein amount of the calpain regulatory subunit, with the further notion that TGF?/hypoxia elicited calpain activation. The dual specific proteasome/calpain inhibitor MG132 and the specific calpain inhibitor 1 rescued SMAD2 degradation, substantiating the ability of calpain to degrade SMAD2. Decreased SMAD2 expression reduced TGF? transcriptional activity of its target genes thrombospondin 1, dystonin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Conclusions: Hypoxia interferes with TGF? signaling in macrophages by calpain-mediated proteolysis of the central signaling component SMAD2. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. äHypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGF? (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing