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2014 ; 29
(11
): 2307-22
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The convergence of fracture repair and stem cells: interplay of genes, aging,
environmental factors and disease
#MMPMID25264148
Hadjiargyrou M
; O'Keefe RJ
J Bone Miner Res
2014[Nov]; 29
(11
): 2307-22
PMID25264148
show ga
The complexity of fracture repair makes it an ideal process for studying the
interplay between the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ level events
involved in tissue regeneration. Additionally, as fracture repair recapitulates
many of the processes that occur during embryonic development, investigations of
fracture repair provide insights regarding skeletal embryogenesis. Specifically,
inflammation, signaling, gene expression, cellular proliferation and
differentiation, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and remodeling
represent the complex array of interdependent biological events that occur during
fracture repair. Here we review studies of bone regeneration in genetically
modified mouse models, during aging, following environmental exposure, and in the
setting of disease that provide insights regarding the role of multipotent cells
and their regulation during fracture repair. Complementary animal models and
ongoing scientific discoveries define an increasing number of molecular and
cellular targets to reduce the morbidity and complications associated with
fracture repair. Last, some new and exciting areas of stem cell research such as
the contribution of mitochondria function, limb regeneration signaling, and
microRNA (miRNA) posttranscriptional regulation are all likely to further
contribute to our understanding of fracture repair as an active branch of
regenerative medicine.