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2014 ; 3
(2
): 373-87
Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
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The Power and the Promise of Cell Reprogramming: Personalized Autologous Body
Organ and Cell Transplantation
#MMPMID26237380
Palomo AB
; Lucas M
; Dilley RJ
; McLenachan S
; Chen FK
; Requena J
; Sal MF
; Lucas A
; Alvarez I
; Jaraquemada D
; Edel MJ
J Clin Med
2014[Apr]; 3
(2
): 373-87
PMID26237380
show ga
Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or direct
reprogramming to desired cell types are powerful and new in vitro methods for the
study of human disease, cell replacement therapy, and drug development. Both
methods to reprogram cells are unconstrained by the ethical and social questions
raised by embryonic stem cells. iPSC technology promises to enable personalized
autologous cell therapy and has the potential to revolutionize cell replacement
therapy and regenerative medicine. Potential applications of iPSC technology are
rapidly increasing in ambition from discrete cell replacement applications to the
iPSC assisted bioengineering of body organs for personalized autologous body
organ transplant. Recent work has demonstrated that the generation of organs from
iPSCs is a future possibility. The development of embryonic-like organ structures
bioengineered from iPSCs has been achieved, such as an early brain structure
(cerebral organoids), bone, optic vesicle-like structures (eye), cardiac muscle
tissue (heart), primitive pancreas islet cells, a tooth-like structure (teeth),
and functional liver buds (liver). Thus, iPSC technology offers, in the future,
the powerful and unique possibility to make body organs for transplantation
removing the need for organ donation and immune suppressing drugs. Whilst it is
clear that iPSCs are rapidly becoming the lead cell type for research into cell
replacement therapy and body organ transplantation strategies in humans, it is
not known whether (1) such transplants will stimulate host immune responses; and
(2) whether this technology will be capable of the bioengineering of a complete
and fully functional human organ. This review will not focus on reprogramming to
iPSCs, of which a plethora of reviews can be found, but instead focus on the
latest developments in direct reprogramming of cells, the bioengineering of body
organs from iPSCs, and an analysis of the immune response induced by iPSC-derived
cells and tissues.