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2014 ; 39
(11
): 556-69
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Ultrasensitivity part II: multisite phosphorylation, stoichiometric inhibitors,
and positive feedback
#MMPMID25440716
Ferrell JE Jr
; Ha SH
Trends Biochem Sci
2014[Nov]; 39
(11
): 556-69
PMID25440716
show ga
In this series of reviews, we are examining ultrasensitive responses, the
switch-like input-output relationships that contribute to signal processing in a
wide variety of signaling contexts. In the first part of this series, we explored
one mechanism for generating ultrasensitivity, zero-order ultrasensitivity, where
the saturation of two converting enzymes allows the output to switch from low to
high over a tight range of input levels. In this second installment, we focus on
three conceptually distinct mechanisms for ultrasensitivity: multisite
phosphorylation, stoichiometric inhibitors, and positive feedback. We also
examine several related mechanisms and concepts, including cooperativity,
reciprocal regulation, coherent feed-forward regulation, and substrate
competition, and provide several examples of signaling processes where these
mechanisms are known or are suspected to be applicable.