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2014 ; 8
(4
): 341-52
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Radiation-hormesis phenotypes, the related mechanisms and implications for
disease prevention and therapy
#MMPMID25324149
Scott BR
J Cell Commun Signal
2014[Dec]; 8
(4
): 341-52
PMID25324149
show ga
Humans are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation throughout life from
natural sources that include cosmic, solar, and terrestrial. Much harsher natural
radiation and chemical environments existed during our planet's early years.
Mammals survived the harsher environments via evolutionarily-conserved gifts ? a
continuously evolving system of stress-induced natural protective measures (i.e.,
activated natural protection [ANP]). The current protective system is
differentially activated by stochastic (i.e., variable) low-radiation-dose
thresholds and when optimally activated in mammals includes antioxidants, DNA
damage repair, p53-related apoptosis of severely-damaged cells,
reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)/reactive-nitrogen-species (RNS)- and
cytokine-regulated auxiliary apoptosis that selectively removes aberrant cells
(e.g., precancerous cells), suppression of disease promoting inflammation, and
immunity against cancer cells. The intercellular-signaling-based protective
system is regulated at least in part via epigenetic reprogramming of
adaptive-response genes. When the system is optimally activated, it protects
against cancer and some other diseases, thereby leading to hormetic phenotypes
(e.g., reduced disease incidence to below the baseline level; reduced pain from
inflammation-related problems). Here, some expressed radiation hormesis
phenotypes and related mechanisms are discussed along with their implications for
disease prevention and therapy.