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2015 ; 473
(5
): 1802-11
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Negative pressure wound therapy in grade IIIB tibial fractures: fewer infections
and fewer flap procedures?
#MMPMID25595096
Schlatterer DR
; Hirschfeld AG
; Webb LX
Clin Orthop Relat Res
2015[May]; 473
(5
): 1802-11
PMID25595096
show ga
BACKGROUND: Grade IIIB open tibia fractures are devastating injuries. Some
clinicians advocate wound closure or stable muscle flap coverage within 72 hours
to limit complications such as infection. Negative pressure wound therapy was
approved by the FDA in 1997 and has become an adjunct for many surgeons in
treating these fractures. Opinions vary regarding the extent to which negative
pressure wound therapy contributes to limb salvage. Evidence-based practice
guidelines are limited for use of negative pressure wound therapy in Grade IIIB
tibia fractures. This systematic literature review of negative pressure wound
therapy in Grade IIIB tibia fractures may substantiate current use and guide
future studies. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We sought to answer the following: (1) Does
the use of negative pressure would therapy compared with gauze dressings lead to
fewer infections? (2) Does it allow flap procedures to be performed safely beyond
72 hours without increased infection rates? (3) Is it associated with fewer local
or free flap procedures? METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of six large
databases (through September 1, 2013) for studies reporting use of negative
pressure wound therapy in Grade IIIB open tibia fractures, including information
regarding infection rates and soft tissue reconstruction. The systematic review
identified one randomized controlled trial and 12 retrospective studies: four
studies compared infection rates between negative pressure wound therapy and
gauze dressings, 10 addressed infection rates with extended use, and six reported
on flap coverage rates in relation to negative pressure wound therapy use beyond
72 hours. None of the 13 studies was eliminated owing to lack of study quality.
RESULTS: Negative pressure wound therapy showed a decrease in infection rates
over rates for gauze dressings in two of four studies (5.4% [two of 35] versus
28% [seven of 25], and 8.4% [14 of 166] versus 20.6% [13 of 63]), an equivalent
infection rate in one study (15% [eight of 53] versus 14% [five of 16]), and an
increased infection rate in the fourth study (29.5% [23 of 78] versus 8% [two of
25]). In terms of the second question regarding infection rates with negative
pressure wound therapy beyond 72 hours, eight of 10 studies concluded there was
no increase in infection rates, whereas two of 10 reported an increase in
infection rates associated with negative pressure wound therapy use beyond 72
hours. Infection rates varied from 0% to 57% in these 10 studies. Five studies
reported low infection rates of 0% to 7% and five reported rates of 27% to 57%.
The third question (addressed by six studies) regarded the potential decreased
use of a soft tissue flap in patients treated with extended negative pressure
wound therapy. Flap rates were reduced by 13% to 60% respectively compared with
those of historical controls. Grade IIIB tibia fractures by definition required
soft tissue procedures. The patients in these six studies had Grade IIIB tibia
fractures after the first débridement. However, after extended negative pressure
wound therapy, fewer patients required flaps than grading at the first
débridement would have predicted. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increasing body of
data supporting negative pressure wound therapy as an adjunctive modality at all
stages of treatment for Grade IIIB tibia fractures. There is an association
between decreased infection rates with negative pressure wound therapy compared
with gauze dressings. There is evidence to support negative pressure wound
therapy beyond 72 hours without increased infection rates and to support a
reduction in flap rates with negative pressure wound therapy. However, negative
pressure wound therapy use for Grade IIIB tibia fractures requires extensive
additional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.