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10.1371/journal.pone.0121123 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1371/journal.pone.0121123 C4379073!4379073 !25822997     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=25822997 &cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! 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Commercial cow milk contains physically stable extracellular vesicles expressing immunoregulatory TGF-? |pdf=|usr=}}{{25822997 }} gab.com Text Commercial cow milk contains physically stable extracellular vesicles expressing immunoregulatory TGF- JO: PLoS One http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25822997 #FOAvip SCOPE: Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have been identified in all biological fluids and rediscovered as an important part of the intercellular communication. Breast milk also contains extracellular vesicles and the proposed biological function is to enhance the antimicrobial defense in newborns. It is, however, unknown whether extracellular vesicles are still present in commercial milk and, more importantly, whether they retained their bioactivity. Here, we characterize the extracellular vesicles present in semi-skimmed cow milk available for consumers and study their effect on T cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extracellular vesicles from commercial milk were isolated and characterized. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles contained several immunomodulating miRNAs and membrane protein CD63, characteristics of exosomes. In contrast to RAW 267.4 derived extracellular vesicles the milk-derived extracellular vesicles were extremely stable under degrading conditions, including low pH, boiling and freezing. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles were easily taken up by murine macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, we found that they can facilitate T cell differentiation towards the pathogenic Th17 lineage. Using a (CAGA)12-luc reporter assay we showed that these extracellular vesicles carried bioactive TGF-?, and that anti-TGF-? antibodies blocked Th17 differentiation. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that commercial milk contains stable extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, and carry immunoregulatory cargo. These data suggest that the extracellular vesicles present in commercial cow milk remains intact in the gastrointestinal tract and exert an immunoregulatory effect. Twit Text FOAVip Commercial cow milk contains physically stable extracellular vesicles expressing immunoregulatory TGF- ????PLoS One http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25822997 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25822997 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|25822997 }}</ref> Commercial cow milk contains physically stable extracellular vesicles expressing immunoregulatory TGF-? #MMPMID25822997 Pieters BC ; Arntz OJ ; Bennink MB ; Broeren MG ; van Caam AP ; Koenders MI ; van Lent PL ; van den Berg WB ; de Vries M ; van der Kraan PM ; van de Loo FA PLoS One 2015[]; 10 (3 ): e0121123 PMID25822997 show ga SCOPE: Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have been identified in all biological fluids and rediscovered as an important part of the intercellular communication. Breast milk also contains extracellular vesicles and the proposed biological function is to enhance the antimicrobial defense in newborns. It is, however, unknown whether extracellular vesicles are still present in commercial milk and, more importantly, whether they retained their bioactivity. Here, we characterize the extracellular vesicles present in semi-skimmed cow milk available for consumers and study their effect on T cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extracellular vesicles from commercial milk were isolated and characterized. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles contained several immunomodulating miRNAs and membrane protein CD63, characteristics of exosomes. In contrast to RAW 267.4 derived extracellular vesicles the milk-derived extracellular vesicles were extremely stable under degrading conditions, including low pH, boiling and freezing. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles were easily taken up by murine macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, we found that they can facilitate T cell differentiation towards the pathogenic Th17 lineage. Using a (CAGA)12-luc reporter assay we showed that these extracellular vesicles carried bioactive TGF-?, and that anti-TGF-? antibodies blocked Th17 differentiation. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that commercial milk contains stable extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, and carry immunoregulatory cargo. These data suggest that the extracellular vesicles present in commercial cow milk remains intact in the gastrointestinal tract and exert an immunoregulatory effect. |Animals [MESH] |Antibodies/immunology [MESH] |Cattle [MESH] |Cell Differentiation/immunology [MESH] |Dairying/*standards [MESH] |Extracellular Vesicles/*metabolism [MESH] |Female [MESH] |Luciferases [MESH] |Macrophages/metabolism [MESH] |Mice [MESH] |Microscopy, Electron, Transmission [MESH] |Milk/*chemistry/*immunology [MESH] |Nanoparticles [MESH] |Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction [MESH] |Statistics, Nonparametric [MESH] |Tetraspanin 30/metabolism [MESH] |Th17 Cells/*immunology [MESH]Commercial cow milk contains physically stable extracellular vesicles (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing