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10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013 C4377121!4377121!25499957     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Biol+Psychiatry 2015 ; 77 (11): 940-50 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=25499957|t=2015. The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex |pdf=|usr=}}{{25499957}} gab.com Text The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex JO: Biol Psychiatry http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25499957 #FOAvip Psychostimulants are highly effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The clinical efficacy of these drugs is strongly linked to their ability to improve cognition dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and extended frontostriatal circuit. The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine ?2- and dopamine D1 receptors. In contrast, while the striatum is a critical participant in ?PFC-dependent? cognition, where examined, psychostimulant action within the striatum is not sufficient to enhance cognition. At doses that moderately exceed the clinical range, psychostimulants appear to improve PFC-dependent attentional processes at the expense of other PFC-dependent processes (e.g. working memory, response inhibition). This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic ?2 vs. ?1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically-relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacological treatments for ADHD and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation. Twit Text FOAVip The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex ????Biol Psychiatry http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25499957 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25499957 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|25499957}}</ref> The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex #MMPMID25499957 Spencer RC; Devilbiss DM; Berridge CW Biol Psychiatry 2015[Jun]; 77 (11): 940-50 PMID25499957show ga Psychostimulants are highly effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The clinical efficacy of these drugs is strongly linked to their ability to improve cognition dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and extended frontostriatal circuit. The procognitive actions of psychostimulants are only associated with low doses. Surprisingly, despite nearly 80 years of clinical use, the neurobiology of the procognitive actions of psychostimulants has only recently been systematically investigated. Findings from this research unambiguously demonstrate that the cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve the preferential elevation of catecholamines in the PFC and the subsequent activation of norepinephrine ?2- and dopamine D1 receptors. In contrast, while the striatum is a critical participant in ?PFC-dependent? cognition, where examined, psychostimulant action within the striatum is not sufficient to enhance cognition. At doses that moderately exceed the clinical range, psychostimulants appear to improve PFC-dependent attentional processes at the expense of other PFC-dependent processes (e.g. working memory, response inhibition). This differential modulation of PFC-dependent processes across dose appears to be associated with the differential involvement of noradrenergic ?2 vs. ?1 receptors. Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically-relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacological treatments for ADHD and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation. äThe Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Act(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing