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2015 ; 40
(4
): 906-14
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Paradoxical neurobehavioral rescue by memories of early-life abuse: the safety
signal value of odors learned during abusive attachment
#MMPMID25284320
Raineki C
; Sarro E
; Rincón-Cortés M
; Perry R
; Boggs J
; Holman CJ
; Wilson DA
; Sullivan RM
Neuropsychopharmacology
2015[Mar]; 40
(4
): 906-14
PMID25284320
show ga
Caregiver-associated cues, including those learned in abusive attachment, provide
a sense of safety and security to the child. Here, we explore how cues associated
with abusive attachment, such as maternal odor, can modify the enduring
neurobehavioral effects of early-life abuse. Two early-life abuse models were
used: a naturalistic paradigm, where rat pups were reared by an abusive mother;
and a more controlled paradigm, where pups underwent peppermint odor-shock
conditioning that produces an artificial maternal odor through engagement of the
attachment circuit. Animals were tested for maternal odor preference in infancy,
forced swim test (FST), social behavior, and sexual motivation in adulthood-in
the presence or absence of maternal odors (natural or peppermint). Amygdala
odor-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) via wireless electrodes were also
examined in response to the maternal odors in adulthood. Both early-life abuse
models induced preference for the maternal odors in infancy. In adulthood, these
early-life abuse models produced FST deficits and decreased social behavior, but
did not change sexual motivation. Presentation of the maternal odors rescued FST
and social behavior deficits induced by early-life abuse and enhanced sexual
motivation in all animals. In addition, amygdala LFPs from both abuse animal
models showed unique activation within the gamma frequency (70-90?Hz) bands in
response to the specific maternal odor present during early-life abuse. These
results suggest that attachment-related cues learned during infancy have a
profound ability to rescue neurobehavioral dysregulation caused by early-life
abuse. Paradoxically, abuse-associated cues seem to acquire powerful and enduring
antidepressive properties and alter amygdala modulation.