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2014 ; 63
(11
): 1115-28
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A nervous tumor microenvironment: the impact of adrenergic stress on cancer
cells, immunosuppression, and immunotherapeutic response
#MMPMID25307152
Eng JW
; Kokolus KM
; Reed CB
; Hylander BL
; Ma WW
; Repasky EA
Cancer Immunol Immunother
2014[Nov]; 63
(11
): 1115-28
PMID25307152
show ga
Long conserved mechanisms maintain homeostasis in living creatures in response to
a variety of stresses. However, continuous exposure to stress can result in
unabated production of stress hormones, especially catecholamines, which can have
detrimental health effects. While the long-term effects of chronic stress have
well-known physiological consequences, recent discoveries have revealed that
stress may affect therapeutic efficacy in cancer. Growing epidemiological
evidence reveals strong correlations between progression-free and long-term
survival and ?-blocker usage in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the
current understanding of how the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine,
affect cancer cell survival and tumor progression. We also highlight new data
exploring the potential contributions of stress to immunosuppression in the tumor
microenvironment and the implications of these findings for the efficacy of
immunotherapies.