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2015 ; 10
(1
): 269-78
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DFGmodel: predicting protein kinase structures in inactive states for
structure-based discovery of type-II inhibitors
#MMPMID25420233
Ung PM
; Schlessinger A
ACS Chem Biol
2015[Jan]; 10
(1
): 269-78
PMID25420233
show ga
Protein kinases exist in equilibrium of active and inactive states, in which the
aspartate-phenylalanine-glycine motif in the catalytic domain undergoes
conformational changes that are required for function. Drugs targeting protein
kinases typically bind the primary ATP-binding site of an active state (type-I
inhibitors) or utilize an allosteric pocket adjacent to the ATP-binding site in
the inactive state (type-II inhibitors). Limited crystallographic data of protein
kinases in the inactive state hampers the application of rational drug discovery
methods for developing type-II inhibitors. Here, we present a computational
approach to generate structural models of protein kinases in the inactive
conformation. We first perform a comprehensive analysis of all protein kinase
structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. We then develop DFGmodel, a method
that takes either a known structure of a kinase in the active conformation or a
sequence of a kinase without a structure, to generate kinase models in the
inactive conformation. Evaluation of DFGmodel's performance using various
measures indicates that the inactive kinase models are accurate, exhibiting RMSD
of 1.5 Å or lower. The kinase models also accurately distinguish type-II kinase
inhibitors from likely nonbinders (AUC > 0.70), suggesting that they are useful
for virtual screening. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach
with three case studies. For example, the models are able to capture inhibitors
with unintended off-target activity. Our computational approach provides a
structural framework for chemical biologists to characterize kinases in the
inactive state and to explore new chemical spaces with structure-based drug
design.