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10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014 C4156287!4156287!24321650     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Neurobiol+Learn+Mem 2014 ; 113 (ä): 3-18 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=24321650|t=2014. From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and in anxiety disorders |pdf=|usr=}}{{24321650}} gab.com Text From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and in anxiety disorders JO: Neurobiol Learn Mem http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24321650 #FOAvip Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to anticipate food at the sound of a bell, which caused them to salivate. Like sustenance, danger is biologically relevant, and neutral cues can take on great salience when they predict a threat to survival. In anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this type of conditioned fear fails to extinguish, and reminders of traumatic events can cause pathological conditioned fear responses for decades after danger has passed. In this review, we use fear conditioning and extinction studies to draw a direct line from Pavlov to PTSD and other anxiety disorders. We explain how rodent studies have informed neuroimaging studies of healthy humans and humans with PTSD. We describe several genes that have been linked to both PTSD and fear conditioning and extinction and explain how abnormalities in fear conditioning or extinction may reflect a general biomarker of anxiety disorders. Finally, we explore drug and neuromodulation treatments that may enhance therapeutic extinction in anxiety disorders. Twit Text FOAVip From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and in anxiety disorders ????Neurobiol Learn Mem http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24321650 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24321650 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|24321650}}</ref> From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and in anxiety disorders #MMPMID24321650 VanElzakker MB; Dahlgren MK; Davis FC; Dubois S; Shin LM Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014[Sep]; 113 (ä): 3-18 PMID24321650show ga Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to anticipate food at the sound of a bell, which caused them to salivate. Like sustenance, danger is biologically relevant, and neutral cues can take on great salience when they predict a threat to survival. In anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this type of conditioned fear fails to extinguish, and reminders of traumatic events can cause pathological conditioned fear responses for decades after danger has passed. In this review, we use fear conditioning and extinction studies to draw a direct line from Pavlov to PTSD and other anxiety disorders. We explain how rodent studies have informed neuroimaging studies of healthy humans and humans with PTSD. We describe several genes that have been linked to both PTSD and fear conditioning and extinction and explain how abnormalities in fear conditioning or extinction may reflect a general biomarker of anxiety disorders. Finally, we explore drug and neuromodulation treatments that may enhance therapeutic extinction in anxiety disorders. äFrom Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, hu(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing