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2014 ; 9
(7
): 469-75
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Mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a review of new
strategies for the practicing hospitalist
#MMPMID24733692
Wilson JG
; Matthay MA
J Hosp Med
2014[Jul]; 9
(7
): 469-75
PMID24733692
show ga
BACKGROUND: The goal of mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory
failure is to support adequate gas exchange without harming the lungs. How
patients are mechanically ventilated can significantly impact their ultimate
outcomes. METHODS: This review focuses on emerging evidence regarding strategies
for mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure
including: low tidal volume ventilation in the acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), novel ventilator modes as alternatives to low tidal volume
ventilation, adjunctive strategies that may enhance recovery in ARDS, the use of
lung-protective strategies in patients without ARDS, rescue therapies in
refractory hypoxemia, and an evidence-based approach to weaning from mechanical
ventilation. RESULTS: Once a patient is intubated and mechanically ventilated,
low tidal volume ventilation remains the best strategy in ARDS. Adjunctive
therapies in ARDS include a conservative fluid management strategy, as well as
neuromuscular blockade and prone positioning in moderate-to-severe disease. There
is also emerging evidence that a lung-protective strategy may benefit non-ARDS
patients. For patients with refractory hypoxemia, extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation should be considered. Once the patient demonstrates signs of
recovery, the best approach to liberation from mechanical ventilation involves
daily spontaneous breathing trials and protocolized assessment of readiness for
extubation. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt recognition of ARDS and use of lung-protective
ventilation, as well as evidence-based adjunctive therapies, remain the
cornerstones of caring for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. In
the absence of contraindications, it is reasonable to consider lung-protective
ventilation in non-ARDS patients as well, though the evidence supporting this
practice is less conclusive.