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10.1007/s40265-014-0227-3 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1007/s40265-014-0227-3 C4073603!4073603!24872147     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Drugs 2014 ; 74 (8): 891-909 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=24872147|t=2014. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungals in Children: Clinical Implications |pdf=|usr=}}{{24872147}} gab.com Text Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungals in Children: Clinical Implications JO: Drugs http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24872147 #FOAvip Invasive fungal disease (IFD) remains life-threatening in premature infants and immunocompromised children despite the recent development of new antifungal agents. Optimal dosing of antifungals is one of the few factors clinicians can control to improve outcomes of IFD. However, dosing in children cannot be extrapolated from adult data because IFD pathophysiology, immune response, and drug disposition differ from adults. We critically examined the literature on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antifungal agents and highlight recent developments in treating pediatric IFD.To match adult exposure in pediatric patients, dosing adjustment is necessary for almost all antifungals. In young infants, the maturation of renal and metabolic functions occurs rapidly and can significantly influence drug exposure. Fluconazole clearance doubles from birth to 28 days of life and, beyond the neonatal period, agents like fluconazole, voriconazole, and micafungin require higher dosing than in adults due to faster clearance in children. As a result, dosing recommendations are specific to bracketed ranges of age.Pharmacodynamics principles of antifungals mostly rely on in vitro and in vivo models but very few pharmacodynamics studies specifically address IFD in children. Exposure-response relationship may differ in younger children compared with adults, especially in infants with invasive candidiasis who are at higher risk of disseminated disease and meningoencephalitis, and by extension severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Micafungin is the only antifungal agent for which a specific target of exposure was proposed based on a neonatal hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis animal model.In this review, we found that pediatric data on drug disposition of newer triazoles and echinocandins are lacking, dosing of older antifungals such as fluconazole and amphotericin B products still need optimization in young infants, and that target PK/PD indices need to be clinically validated for almost all antifungals in children. A better understanding of age-specific PK and PD of new antifungals in infants and children will help improve clinical outcomes of IFD by informing dosing and identifying future research areas. Twit Text FOAVip Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungals in Children: Clinical Implications ????Drugs http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24872147 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=24872147 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|24872147}}</ref> Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungals in Children: Clinical Implications #MMPMID24872147 Autmizguine J; Guptill JT; Cohen-Wolkowiez M; Benjamin DK; Capparelli EV Drugs 2014[Jun]; 74 (8): 891-909 PMID24872147show ga Invasive fungal disease (IFD) remains life-threatening in premature infants and immunocompromised children despite the recent development of new antifungal agents. Optimal dosing of antifungals is one of the few factors clinicians can control to improve outcomes of IFD. However, dosing in children cannot be extrapolated from adult data because IFD pathophysiology, immune response, and drug disposition differ from adults. We critically examined the literature on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antifungal agents and highlight recent developments in treating pediatric IFD.To match adult exposure in pediatric patients, dosing adjustment is necessary for almost all antifungals. In young infants, the maturation of renal and metabolic functions occurs rapidly and can significantly influence drug exposure. Fluconazole clearance doubles from birth to 28 days of life and, beyond the neonatal period, agents like fluconazole, voriconazole, and micafungin require higher dosing than in adults due to faster clearance in children. As a result, dosing recommendations are specific to bracketed ranges of age.Pharmacodynamics principles of antifungals mostly rely on in vitro and in vivo models but very few pharmacodynamics studies specifically address IFD in children. Exposure-response relationship may differ in younger children compared with adults, especially in infants with invasive candidiasis who are at higher risk of disseminated disease and meningoencephalitis, and by extension severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Micafungin is the only antifungal agent for which a specific target of exposure was proposed based on a neonatal hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis animal model.In this review, we found that pediatric data on drug disposition of newer triazoles and echinocandins are lacking, dosing of older antifungals such as fluconazole and amphotericin B products still need optimization in young infants, and that target PK/PD indices need to be clinically validated for almost all antifungals in children. A better understanding of age-specific PK and PD of new antifungals in infants and children will help improve clinical outcomes of IFD by informing dosing and identifying future research areas. äPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungals in Children: Clin(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing