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2014 ; 137
(Pt 7
): 1863-75
Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
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English Wikipedia
Prefrontal cortical minicolumn: from executive control to disrupted cognitive
processing
#MMPMID24531625
Opris I
; Casanova MF
Brain
2014[Jul]; 137
(Pt 7
): 1863-75
PMID24531625
show ga
The prefrontal cortex of the primate brain has a modular architecture based on
the aggregation of neurons in minicolumnar arrangements having afferent and
efferent connections distributed across many brain regions to represent, select
and/or maintain behavioural goals and executive commands. Prefrontal cortical
microcircuits are assumed to play a key role in the perception to action cycle
that integrates relevant information about environment, and then selects and
enacts behavioural responses. Thus, neurons within the interlaminar microcircuits
participate in various functional states requiring the integration of signals
across cortical layers and the selection of executive variables. Recent research
suggests that executive abilities emerge from cortico-cortical interactions
between interlaminar prefrontal cortical microcircuits, whereas their disruption
is involved in a broad spectrum of neurologic and psychiatric disorders such as
autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and drug addiction. The focus of this review
is on the structural, functional and pathological approaches involving cortical
minicolumns. Based on recent technological progress it has been demonstrated that
microstimulation of infragranular cortical layers with patterns of microcurrents
derived from supragranular layers led to an increase in cognitive performance.
This suggests that interlaminar prefrontal cortical microcircuits are playing a
causal role in improving cognitive performance. An important reason for the new
interest in cortical modularity comes from both the impressive progress in
understanding anatomical, physiological and pathological facets of cortical
microcircuits and the promise of neural prosthetics for patients with
neurological and psychiatric disorders.