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2011 ; 62
(ä): 621-47
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Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the
event-related brain potential (ERP)
#MMPMID20809790
Kutas M
; Federmeier KD
Annu Rev Psychol
2011[]; 62
(ä): 621-47
PMID20809790
show ga
We review the discovery, characterization, and evolving use of the N400, an
event-related brain potential response linked to meaning processing. We describe
the elicitation of N400s by an impressive range of stimulus types--including
written, spoken, and signed words or pseudowords; drawings, photos, and videos of
faces, objects, and actions; sounds; and mathematical symbols--and outline the
sensitivity of N400 amplitude (as its latency is remarkably constant) to
linguistic and nonlinguistic manipulations. We emphasize the effectiveness of the
N400 as a dependent variable for examining almost every aspect of language
processing and highlight its expanding use to probe semantic memory and to
determine how the neurocognitive system dynamically and flexibly uses bottom-up
and top-down information to make sense of the world. We conclude with different
theories of the N400's functional significance and offer an N400-inspired
reconceptualization of how meaning processing might unfold.