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2014 ; 35
(6
): 1379-88
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Six1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and malignant conversion in human
papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human keratinocytes
#MMPMID24574515
Xu H
; Zhang Y
; Altomare D
; Peņa MM
; Wan F
; Pirisi L
; Creek KE
Carcinogenesis
2014[Jun]; 35
(6
): 1379-88
PMID24574515
show ga
Six1, a member of the Six family of homeodomain transcription factors, is
overexpressed in various human cancers, and SIX1 overexpression is associated
with tumor progression and metastasis. Six1 messenger RNA levels increase during
in vitro progression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-immortalized human
keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward a differentiation-resistant (HKc/DR) phenotype.
In this study, we show that HKc/DR-overexpressing Six1 exhibited a more
mesenchymal phenotype, as characterized by a fibroblastic appearance and
increased invasion. We utilized Whole Human Genome Microarrays to explore the
gene expression changes associated with Six1 overexpression in HKc/DR. We found
that overexpression of Six1 downregulated epithelial-related genes and
upregulated mesenchymal-related genes, which suggests that Six1 overexpression
induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Pathway analysis of the
microarray data showed alterations in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-?)
pathway, including enhanced expression of the TGF-? receptor type II (T?RII), and
activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in
HKc/DR-overexpressing Six1, suggesting that Smad-independent pathways of TGF-?
signaling may be involved in Six1-mediated EMT. p38 MAPK activation was required
for sustained Six1-induced EMT and T?RII overexpression. Finally, we determined
that Six1 overexpression in HKc/DR resulted in malignant conversion and increased
the cancer stem cell (CSC)-like population. Thus, Six1 overexpression promotes
EMT, CSCs properties and malignant conversion in HKc/DR through MAPK activation,
which supports the possible use of p38-T?RII inhibitors for the treatment of
cancers overexpressing Six1.