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Nonlinear effects of nanoparticles: biological variability from hormetic doses,
small particle sizes, and dynamic adaptive interactions
#MMPMID24910581
Bell IR
; Ives JA
; Jonas WB
Dose Response
2014[May]; 12
(2
): 202-32
PMID24910581
show ga
Researchers are increasingly focused on the nanoscale level of organization where
biological processes take place in living systems. Nanoparticles (NPs, e.g.,
1-100 nm diameter) are small forms of natural or manufactured source material
whose properties differ markedly from those of the respective bulk forms of the
"same" material. Certain NPs have diagnostic and therapeutic uses; some NPs
exhibit low-dose toxicity; other NPs show ability to stimulate low-dose adaptive
responses (hormesis). Beyond dose, size, shape, and surface charge variations of
NPs evoke nonlinear responses in complex adaptive systems. NPs acquire unique
size-dependent biological, chemical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic, and
atom-like quantum properties. Nanoparticles exhibit high surface adsorptive
capacity for other substances, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to cross
otherwise impermeable cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. With
super-potent effects, nano-forms can evoke cellular stress responses or
therapeutic effects not only at lower doses than their bulk forms, but also for
longer periods of time. Interactions of initial effects and compensatory systemic
responses can alter the impact of NPs over time. Taken together, the data suggest
the need to downshift the dose-response curve of NPs from that for bulk forms in
order to identify the necessarily decreased no-observed-adverse-effect-level and
hormetic dose range for nanoparticles.
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