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2014 ; 92
(1
): 7-33
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Social media and internet-based data in global systems for public health
surveillance: a systematic review
#MMPMID24597553
Velasco E
; Agheneza T
; Denecke K
; Kirchner G
; Eckmanns T
Milbank Q
2014[Mar]; 92
(1
): 7-33
PMID24597553
show ga
CONTEXT: The exchange of health information on the Internet has been heralded as
an opportunity to improve public health surveillance. In a field that has
traditionally relied on an established system of mandatory and voluntary
reporting of known infectious diseases by doctors and laboratories to
governmental agencies, innovations in social media and so-called user-generated
information could lead to faster recognition of cases of infectious disease. More
direct access to such data could enable surveillance epidemiologists to detect
potential public health threats such as rare, new diseases or early-level
warnings for epidemics. But how useful are data from social media and the
Internet, and what is the potential to enhance surveillance? The challenges of
using these emerging surveillance systems for infectious disease epidemiology,
including the specific resources needed, technical requirements, and
acceptability to public health practitioners and policymakers, have wide-reaching
implications for public health surveillance in the 21st century. METHODS: This
article divides public health surveillance into indicator-based surveillance and
event-based surveillance and provides an overview of each. We did an exhaustive
review of published articles indexed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Scirus
between 1990 and 2011 covering contemporary event-based systems for infectious
disease surveillance. FINDINGS: Our literature review uncovered no event-based
surveillance systems currently used in national surveillance programs. While much
has been done to develop event-based surveillance, the existing systems have
limitations. Accordingly, there is a need for further development of automated
technologies that monitor health-related information on the Internet, especially
to handle large amounts of data and to prevent information overload. The
dissemination to health authorities of new information about health events is not
always efficient and could be improved. No comprehensive evaluations show whether
event-based surveillance systems have been integrated into actual epidemiological
work during real-time health events. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptability of data from
the Internet and social media as a regular part of public health surveillance
programs varies and is related to a circular challenge: the willingness to
integrate is rooted in a lack of effectiveness studies, yet such effectiveness
can be proved only through a structured evaluation of integrated systems. Issues
related to changing technical and social paradigms in both individual perceptions
of and interactions with personal health data, as well as social media and other
data from the Internet, must be further addressed before such information can be
integrated into official surveillance systems.