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2014 ; 281
(1781
): 20132792
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Endocranial morphology of Palaeocene Plesiadapis tricuspidens and evolution of
the early primate brain
#MMPMID24573845
Orliac MJ
; Ladevèze S
; Gingerich PD
; Lebrun R
; Smith T
Proc Biol Sci
2014[Apr]; 281
(1781
): 20132792
PMID24573845
show ga
Expansion of the brain is a key feature of primate evolution. The fossil record,
although incomplete, allows a partial reconstruction of changes in primate brain
size and morphology through time. Palaeogene plesiadapoids, closest relatives of
Euprimates (or crown-group primates), are crucial for understanding early
evolution of the primate brain. However, brain morphology of this group remains
poorly documented, and major questions remain regarding the initial phase of
euprimate brain evolution. Micro-CT investigation of the endocranial morphology
of Plesiadapis tricuspidens from the Late Palaeocene of Europe--the most complete
plesiadapoid cranium known--shows that plesiadapoids retained a very small and
simple brain. Plesiadapis has midbrain exposure, and minimal encephalization and
neocorticalization, making it comparable with that of stem rodents and
lagomorphs. However, Plesiadapis shares a domed neocortex and downwardly shifted
olfactory-bulb axis with Euprimates. If accepted phylogenetic relationships are
correct, then this implies that the euprimate brain underwent drastic
reorganization during the Palaeocene, and some changes in brain structure
preceded brain size increase and neocortex expansion during evolution of the
primate brain.