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2014 ; 369
(1640
): 20130242
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Photophysiology of kleptoplasts: photosynthetic use of light by chloroplasts
living in animal cells
#MMPMID24591722
Serôdio J
; Cruz S
; Cartaxana P
; Calado R
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2014[Apr]; 369
(1640
): 20130242
PMID24591722
show ga
Kleptoplasty is a remarkable type of photosynthetic association, resulting from
the maintenance of functional chloroplasts--the 'kleptoplasts'--in the tissues of
a non-photosynthetic host. It represents a biologically unique condition for
chloroplast and photosynthesis functioning, occurring in different phylogenetic
lineages, namely dinoflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans and, most
interestingly, a single taxon of metazoans, the sacoglossan sea slugs. In the
case of sea slugs, chloroplasts from macroalgae are often maintained as
intracellular organelles in cells of these marine gastropods, structurally intact
and photosynthetically competent for extended periods of time. Kleptoplasty has
long attracted interest owing to the longevity of functional kleptoplasts in the
absence of the original algal nucleus and the limited number of proteins encoded
by the chloroplast genome. This review updates the state-of-the-art on
kleptoplast photophysiology, focusing on the comparative analysis of the
responses to light of the chloroplasts when in their original, macroalgal cells,
and when sequestered in animal cells and functioning as kleptoplasts. It covers
fundamental but ecologically relevant aspects of kleptoplast light responses,
such as the occurrence of photoacclimation in hospite, operation of
photoprotective processes and susceptibility to photoinhibition. Emphasis is
given to host-mediated processes unique to kleptoplastic associations, reviewing
current hypotheses on behavioural photoprotection and host-mediated enhancement
of photosynthetic performance, and identifying current gaps in sacoglossan
kleptoplast photophysiology research.