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2013 ; 85
(12
): 5900-8
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Discovery of undefined protein cross-linking chemistry: a comprehensive
methodology utilizing 18O-labeling and mass spectrometry
#MMPMID23634697
Liu M
; Zhang Z
; Zang T
; Spahr C
; Cheetham J
; Ren D
; Zhou ZS
Anal Chem
2013[Jun]; 85
(12
): 5900-8
PMID23634697
show ga
Characterization of protein cross-linking, particularly without prior knowledge
of the chemical nature and site of cross-linking, poses a significant challenge,
because of their intrinsic structural complexity and the lack of a comprehensive
analytical approach. Toward this end, we have developed a generally applicable
workflow-XChem-Finder-that involves four stages: (1) detection of cross-linked
peptides via (18)O-labeling at C-termini; (2) determination of the putative
partial sequences of each cross-linked peptide pair using a fragment ion mass
database search against known protein sequences coupled with a de novo sequence
tag search; (3) extension to full sequences based on protease specificity, the
unique combination of mass, and other constraints; and (4) deduction of
cross-linking chemistry and site. The mass difference between the sum of two
putative full-length peptides and the cross-linked peptide provides the formulas
(elemental composition analysis) for the functional groups involved in each
cross-linking. Combined with sequence restraint from MS/MS data, plausible
cross-linking chemistry and site were inferred, and ultimately confirmed, by
matching with all data. Applying our approach to a stressed IgG2 antibody, 10
cross-linked peptides were discovered and found to be connected via thioethers
originating from disulfides at locations that had not been previously recognized.
Furthermore, once the cross-link chemistry was revealed, a targeted cross-link
search yielded 4 additional cross-linked peptides that all contain the C-terminus
of the light chain.