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10.1093/aob/mct081

http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1093/aob/mct081
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C3662522!3662522 !23599249
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suck abstract from ncbi


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pmid23599249
      Ann+Bot 2013 ; 111 (6 ): 1155-65
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  • A pollinators eye view of a shelter mimicry system #MMPMID23599249
  • Vereecken NJ ; Dorchin A ; Dafni A ; Hötling S ; Schulz S ; Watts S
  • Ann Bot 2013[Jun]; 111 (6 ): 1155-65 PMID23599249 show ga
  • BACKGROUND AND AIMS: 'Human-red' flowers are traditionally considered to be rather unpopular with bees, yet some allogamous species in the section Oncocyclus (genus Iris, Iridaceae) have evolved specialized interactions with their pollinators, a narrow taxonomic range of male solitary bees. The dark-red, tubular flowers of these irises are nectarless but provide protective shelters (i.e. a non-nutritive form of reward) primarily to male solitary bees (Apidae, Eucerini) that pollinate the flowers while looking for a shelter. An earlier study on orchids suggested that species pollinated predominantly by male solitary bees produce significantly larger amounts and larger numbers of different n-alkenes (unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons). Whether or not this also applies to the Oncocyclus irises and whether pollinators are attracted by specific colours or scents of these flowers is unknown. METHODS: Using Iris atropurpurea, recording of pollinator preferences for shelters with different spatial parameters was combined with analyses of floral colours (by spectrophotometry) and scents (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) to test the hypotheses that (a) pollinators significantly prefer floral tunnels facing the rising sun (floral heat-reward hypothesis), and that (b) flowers pollinated predominantly by male solitary bees produce significantly larger amounts and larger numbers of unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons (n-alkenes) in their floral scent (preadaptation to sexual-deception hypothesis). KEY RESULTS: Male bees do not significantly prefer shelters facing the rising sun or with the presence of high absolute/relative amounts and numbers of n-alkenes in the floral scent. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the flowers of I. atropurpurea probably evolved by pollinator-mediated selection acting primarily on floral colours to mimic large achromatic ('bee-black') protective shelters used preferentially by male solitary bees, and that pollinator visits are presumably not the result of an odour-based sexual stimulation or motivated by an increased morning floral heat reward in tunnels facing the rising sun.
  • |*Adaptation, Biological [MESH]
  • |*Pollination [MESH]
  • |Animals [MESH]
  • |Bees/*physiology [MESH]
  • |Biological Evolution [MESH]
  • |Color [MESH]
  • |Flowers/*anatomy & histology [MESH]
  • |Iris Plant/*anatomy & histology [MESH]
  • |Male [MESH]
  • |Odorants [MESH]


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