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Maternal, paternal, and peer attachment and adolescent behavior problems: a
validation study of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-45)
#MMPMID41340079
Habibi Asgarabad M
; Salehi Yegaei P
; Seyed Yaghoubi Pour N
; Khodaie E
; Wilkinson RB
; Wiium N
BMC Psychol
2025[Dec]; 13
(1
): 1334
PMID41340079
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BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the psychometric soundness of the
short form of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-45) and its
relationship with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. METHODS:
Iranian adolescent girls and boys aged 14-17 (n?=?1532; 50% girls; Mean
(age)?=?15.50, SD?=?.97) were asked to report their attachment security,
internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (Youth Self-Report), and
demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Results of the confirmatory factor analysis
supported the original three-factor first-order model for maternal, paternal, and
peer forms, with equivalency across gender and reasonable reliability. Internal
construct validity was supported by acceptable correlation coefficients among the
three dimensions. The trust and communication subscales of the IPPA-45 were
negatively correlated with all subscales of behavioral problems and adolescents'
age, while positively correlated with academic performance. Conversely, the
alienation subscale showed significant but weaker correlations with these
variables in the opposite direction. Satisfactory discriminant validity was
demonstrated through Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for trust and
communication, but not for alienation. Gender discrepancies were observed, with
boys exhibiting higher attachment security to their parents and girls displaying
stronger attachment to their peers. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the
IPPA-45 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing adolescents' attachments
to their parents and peers. Thus, attachment relationships, including peer
attachment, appear to be essential for protecting teenagers from behavior
problems and should be targeted in intervention programs.
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