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2025 ; 25
(1
): 1396
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Revolutionizing sepsis diagnosis using machine learning and deep learning models:
a systematic literature review
#MMPMID41131449
Zubair M
; Din I
; Sarwar N
; Elov B
; Makhmudov S
; Trabelsi Z
BMC Infect Dis
2025[Oct]; 25
(1
): 1396
PMID41131449
show ga
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition resulting from a dysregulated immune
response to infection, often leading to organ failure and death. Early detection
is vital, as delays significantly worsen outcomes. In recent years, the
integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML)
and Deep Learning (DL), has shown great promise in enhancing early sepsis
detection by identifying digital biomarkers from large-scale clinical datasets.
This systematic review analyzes and synthesizes existing ML/DL approaches applied
to sepsis prediction, with an emphasis on intensive care unit (ICU) settings. A
total of 80 studies were included, covering diverse data sources (e.g.,
MIMIC-III, eICU), feature selection methods, algorithm types, preprocessing
techniques, and evaluation metrics. The models ranged from traditional techniques
like logistic regression and decision trees to advanced architectures such as
LSTM, transformers, and ensemble methods. A key contribution of this review is
the inclusion of a forest plot summarizing reported AUC and sensitivity values
from selected studies, offering a comparative visual of diagnostic performance.
This helps highlight the relative effectiveness of different models and provides
insights into their generalizability across clinical datasets. The review also
discusses challenges related to model interpretability, ethical considerations,
and the lack of external and temporal validation in many studies. It further
identifies trends such as the use of real-time EHR data, patient-specific model
development, and explainability tools like SHAP for clinician trust. By mapping
out methodological strengths and limitations in current research, this work
provides actionable recommendations for future studies and clinical deployment.
The review contributes to the development of more robust, interpretable, and
clinically relevant ML/DL models for early sepsis detection and improved patient
care outcomes.