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2025 ; 15
(1
): 32365
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Physiological responses in free-ranging Asian elephant populations living across
human-production landscapes
#MMPMID40908306
Pokharel SS
; Chettri AK
; Chatterjee S
; Seshagiri PB
; Sukumar R
Sci Rep
2025[Sep]; 15
(1
): 32365
PMID40908306
show ga
Monitoring the physiology of elephants living in human-production landscapes has
become increasingly important for understanding how they cope with various
challenges that affect their overall fitness. We assessed physiological stress by
measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels and metabolic states
using faecal triiodothyronine (fT3) across three free-ranging Asian elephant
populations (one in Central India and two in Northeastern India) whose home
ranges encompass varying extents of disturbance in human-production landscapes.
We present landscape disturbance metrics to characterize variations in
fragmentation and anthropogenic pressures across the study landscapes and use
faecal carbon and nitrogen (C/N) ratio as a proxy for dietary quality, with
higher C/N values indicating poorer-quality diets. Elephants living in more
fragmented habitats in Central India had higher fGCM and lower fT3 levels
compared to the Northeastern populations, as well as when compared (only fGCM
levels) with a previously-studied Southern Indian elephant population. A positive
relationship was observed between faecal C/N ratio and fGCM levels across the
populations, except for the Central population. These findings suggest that
elephants in highly fragmented landscapes and experiencing significant
anthropogenic disturbances have (i) higher adrenal activity to cope with and (ii)
reduced metabolic rates to conserve energy in emerging challenging contexts.
While elephants may adapt to living in human-modified landscapes to some extent,
they may experience high stress levels beyond a threshold of disturbance which
can be physiologically costly. This warrants systematic assessments to evaluate
how these biological costs impact their fitness, and a re-evaluation of conflict
management practices.