Reply to Ko, Null within-twin estimates on education and dementia: cautions for within-family contrasts #MMPMID41389155
Walters EE; Luczak SE; Beam CR; Ericsson M; Kremen WS; Krueger RF; Markon KE; McGue M; Nygaard M; Panizzon MS; Plassman BL; Reynolds CA; Sachdev PS; Thalamuthu A; Whitfield KE; Pedersen NL; Gatz M
Eur J Epidemiol 2025[Dec]; ? (?): ? PMID41389155show ga
We reply to the letter to the editor by Soohyeon Ko (Eur J Epidemiol, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01305-x ) concerning our article by Walters et al. (Eur J Epidemiol, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01286-x ). We reiterate that genetic explanations contribute to understanding why education is protective against dementia, alongside influences reflecting the whole of one's family and societal context. We also caution that genetic explanations should not be misinterpreted as deterministic.