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10.1186/s13063-025-09358-9 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1186/s13063-025-09358-9 41345689!?!41345689 Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=41345689&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215       Trials 2025 ; 26 (1): 561 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=41345689|t=2025. Persistent carry-over in a two-period randomised crossover design for behavioural interventions without the expectation of return to baseline after intervention cessation |pdf=|usr=}}{{41345689}} gab.com Text Persistent carry-over in a two-period randomised crossover design for behavioural interventions without the expectation of return to baseline after intervention cessation JO: Trials http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=41345689 #FOAvip BACKGROUND: The two-period randomised crossover design can be advantageous over the parallel-group randomised controlled design with two study arms, yielding greater statistical power and requiring smaller sample sizes. However, a general assumption of the crossover design is that study participants return to their stable baseline state after the experimental treatment has been withdrawn, either immediately or following a wash-out period. MAIN BODY: In this article, we describe an alternative paradigm for the crossover design, which assumes that participants do not return to their baseline after the experimental treatment has discontinued-in other words, a paradigm under which a persistent carry-over effect is anticipated and even desired after intervention cessation. Such a paradigm is suitable, for example, when investigating behaviour change interventions that aim to establish long-lasting health behaviours through, for example, patient education or counselling. We present sample size calculations and statistical simulations to illustrate that under this alternative paradigm, the randomised crossover design can still maintain greater power than the parallel-group randomised controlled design. Statistical simulations show that, under realistic assumptions of partial or full carry-over, the crossover design can maintain equal or greater power than the parallel-group design, particularly when between-subject heterogeneity is non-negligible. CONCLUSION: Trialists may consider this approach when the nature or intention of the experimental treatment is contrary to the assumption of return to baseline. Twit Text FOAVip Persistent carry-over in a two-period randomised crossover design for behavioural interventions without the expectation of return to baseline after intervention cessation ????Trials http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=41345689 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=41345689 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|41345689}}</ref> Persistent carry-over in a two-period randomised crossover design for behavioural interventions without the expectation of return to baseline after intervention cessation #MMPMID41345689 Kulnik ST; Carrozzo AE; Crutzen R Trials 2025[Dec]; 26 (1): 561 PMID41345689show ga BACKGROUND: The two-period randomised crossover design can be advantageous over the parallel-group randomised controlled design with two study arms, yielding greater statistical power and requiring smaller sample sizes. However, a general assumption of the crossover design is that study participants return to their stable baseline state after the experimental treatment has been withdrawn, either immediately or following a wash-out period. MAIN BODY: In this article, we describe an alternative paradigm for the crossover design, which assumes that participants do not return to their baseline after the experimental treatment has discontinued-in other words, a paradigm under which a persistent carry-over effect is anticipated and even desired after intervention cessation. Such a paradigm is suitable, for example, when investigating behaviour change interventions that aim to establish long-lasting health behaviours through, for example, patient education or counselling. We present sample size calculations and statistical simulations to illustrate that under this alternative paradigm, the randomised crossover design can still maintain greater power than the parallel-group randomised controlled design. Statistical simulations show that, under realistic assumptions of partial or full carry-over, the crossover design can maintain equal or greater power than the parallel-group design, particularly when between-subject heterogeneity is non-negligible. CONCLUSION: Trialists may consider this approach when the nature or intention of the experimental treatment is contrary to the assumption of return to baseline. |*Behavior Therapy/methods[MESH] |*Health Behavior[MESH] |*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods/statistics & numerical data[MESH] |*Research Design/statistics & numerical data[MESH] |Computer Simulation[MESH] |Cross-Over Studies[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Sample Size[MESH] |Time Factors[MESH]Persistent carry-over in a two-period randomised crossover design for (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing