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10.2174/1381612828666220713121741 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.2174/1381612828666220713121741 35838211!ä!35838211 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Curr+Pharm+Des 2022 ; 28 (22): 1815-1822 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=35838211|t=2022. Prolonged NHE Activation may be both Cause and Outcome of Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 |pdf=|usr=}}{{35838211}} gab.com Text Prolonged NHE Activation may be both Cause and Outcome of Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 JO: Curr Pharm Des http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=35838211 #FOAvip The release of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10 is increased in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Excessive cytokine release during COVID-19 is related to increased morbidity and mortality. Several mechanisms are put forward for cytokine release syndrome during COVID-19. Here we have mentioned novel pathways. SARS-CoV-2 increases angiotensin II levels by rendering ACE2 nonfunctional. Angiotensin II causes cytokine release via AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. Moreover, angiotensin II potently stimulates the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). It is a pump found in the membranes of many cells that pumps Na+ inward and H+ outward. NHE has nine isoforms. NHE1 is the most common isoform found in endothelial cells and many cells. NHE is involved in keeping the intracellular pH within physiological limits. When the intracellular pH is acidic, NHE is activated, bringing the intracellular pH to physiological levels, ending its activity. Sustained NHE activity is highly pathological and causes many problems. Prolonged NHE activation in COVID-19 may cause a decrease in intracellular pH through H+ ion accumulation in the extracellular area and subsequent redox reactions. The activation reduces the intracellular K+ concentration and leads to Na+ and Ca(2+) overload. Increased ROS can cause intense cytokine release by stimulating NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Cytokines also cause overstimulation of NHE. As the intracellular pH decreases, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly infects new cells, increasing the viral load. This vicious circle increases morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 interaction with NHE3 in intestinal tissue is different from other tissues. SARS-CoV-2 can trigger CRS via NHE3 inhibition by disrupting the intestinal microbiota. This review aimed to help develop new treatment models against SARS-CoV-2- induced CRS by revealing the possible effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the NHE. Twit Text FOAVip Prolonged NHE Activation may be both Cause and Outcome of Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 ????Curr Pharm Des http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=35838211 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=35838211 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|35838211}}</ref> Prolonged NHE Activation may be both Cause and Outcome of Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 #MMPMID35838211 Cure MC; Cure E Curr Pharm Des 2022[]; 28 (22): 1815-1822 PMID35838211show ga The release of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10 is increased in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Excessive cytokine release during COVID-19 is related to increased morbidity and mortality. Several mechanisms are put forward for cytokine release syndrome during COVID-19. Here we have mentioned novel pathways. SARS-CoV-2 increases angiotensin II levels by rendering ACE2 nonfunctional. Angiotensin II causes cytokine release via AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. Moreover, angiotensin II potently stimulates the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). It is a pump found in the membranes of many cells that pumps Na+ inward and H+ outward. NHE has nine isoforms. NHE1 is the most common isoform found in endothelial cells and many cells. NHE is involved in keeping the intracellular pH within physiological limits. When the intracellular pH is acidic, NHE is activated, bringing the intracellular pH to physiological levels, ending its activity. Sustained NHE activity is highly pathological and causes many problems. Prolonged NHE activation in COVID-19 may cause a decrease in intracellular pH through H+ ion accumulation in the extracellular area and subsequent redox reactions. The activation reduces the intracellular K+ concentration and leads to Na+ and Ca(2+) overload. Increased ROS can cause intense cytokine release by stimulating NF-kappaB and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Cytokines also cause overstimulation of NHE. As the intracellular pH decreases, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly infects new cells, increasing the viral load. This vicious circle increases morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 interaction with NHE3 in intestinal tissue is different from other tissues. SARS-CoV-2 can trigger CRS via NHE3 inhibition by disrupting the intestinal microbiota. This review aimed to help develop new treatment models against SARS-CoV-2- induced CRS by revealing the possible effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the NHE. |*COVID-19[MESH] |*Cytokine Release Syndrome[MESH] |Angiotensin II[MESH] |Cytokines[MESH] |Endothelial Cells[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2[MESH] |Sodium[MESH] |Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3[MESH]Prolonged NHE Activation may be both Cause and Outcome of Cytokine Rel(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing