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ORAI1 Limits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Regulating Tonic Type I IFN Signaling #MMPMID34819389
Wu B; Ramaiah A; Garcia G Jr; Hasiakos S; Arumugaswami V; Srikanth S
J Immunol 2022[Jan]; 208 (1): 74-84 PMID34819389show ga
ORAI1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) are the critical mediators of store-operated Ca(2+) entry by acting as the pore subunit and an endoplasmic reticulum-resident signaling molecule, respectively. In addition to Ca(2+) signaling, STIM1 is also involved in regulation of the type I IFN (IFN-I) response. To examine their potential role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we generated ORAI1 and STIM1 knockout human HEK293-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cells and checked their responses. STIM1 knockout cells showed strong resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection as a result of enhanced IFN-I response. On the contrary, ORAI1 deletion induced high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, ORAI1 knockout cells showed reduced homeostatic cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration and severe impairment in tonic IFN-I signaling. Transcriptome analysis showed downregulation of multiple antiviral signaling pathways in ORAI1 knockout cells, likely because of reduced expression of the Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors of the AP-1 family and MEF2C Accordingly, modulation of homeostatic Ca(2+) concentration by pretreatment with ORAI1 blocker or agonist could influence baseline IFNB expression and resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a human lung epithelial cell line. Our results identify a novel role of ORAI1-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in regulating the tonic IFN-I levels, which determine host resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection.