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10.1002/wrna.1679 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1002/wrna.1679 34155814!8420353!34155814     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 213.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Wiley+Interdiscip+Rev+RNA 2022 ; 13 (2): e1679 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=34155814|t=2022. Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applications |pdf=|usr=}}{{34155814}} gab.com Text Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applications JO: Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34155814 #FOAvip If each of the four nucleotides were represented equally in the genomes of viruses and the hosts they infect, each base would occur at a frequency of 25%. However, this is not observed in nature. Similarly, the order of nucleotides is not random (e.g., in the human genome, guanine follows cytosine at a frequency of ~0.0125, or a quarter the number of times predicted by random representation). Codon usage and codon order are also nonrandom. Furthermore, nucleotide and codon biases vary between species. Such biases have various drivers, including cellular proteins that recognize specific patterns in nucleic acids, that once triggered, induce mutations or invoke intrinsic or innate immune responses. In this review we examine the types of compositional biases identified in viral genomes and current understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning these trends. Finally, we consider the potential for large scale synonymous recoding strategies to engineer RNA virus vaccines, including those with pandemic potential, such as influenza A virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Virus 2. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition. Twit Text FOAVip Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applications ????Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34155814 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34155814 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|34155814}}</ref> Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applications #MMPMID34155814 Gaunt ER; Digard P Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2022[Mar]; 13 (2): e1679 PMID34155814show ga If each of the four nucleotides were represented equally in the genomes of viruses and the hosts they infect, each base would occur at a frequency of 25%. However, this is not observed in nature. Similarly, the order of nucleotides is not random (e.g., in the human genome, guanine follows cytosine at a frequency of ~0.0125, or a quarter the number of times predicted by random representation). Codon usage and codon order are also nonrandom. Furthermore, nucleotide and codon biases vary between species. Such biases have various drivers, including cellular proteins that recognize specific patterns in nucleic acids, that once triggered, induce mutations or invoke intrinsic or innate immune responses. In this review we examine the types of compositional biases identified in viral genomes and current understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning these trends. Finally, we consider the potential for large scale synonymous recoding strategies to engineer RNA virus vaccines, including those with pandemic potential, such as influenza A virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Virus 2. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Recognition. |*RNA Viruses/genetics[MESH] |*Viruses/genetics[MESH] |Bias[MESH] |Codon/genetics[MESH] |Evolution, Molecular[MESH] |Genome, Viral[MESH] |Humans[MESH]Compositional biases in RNA viruses: Causes, consequences and applicat(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing