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10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155593 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155593 34074585!8149193!34074585     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 231.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 265.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Cytokine 2021 ; 144 (ä): 155593 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=34074585|t=2021. The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared Can one sized treatment fit all?|pdf=|usr=}}{{34074585}} gab.com Text The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared Can one sized treatment fit all JO: Cytokine http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34074585 #FOAvip An analysis of published data appertaining to the cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) reveals many common immunological and biochemical abnormalities. These include evidence of a hyperactive coagulation system with elevated D-dimer and ferritin levels, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) and microthrombi coupled with an activated and highly permeable vascular endothelium. Common immune abnormalities include progressive hypercytokinemia with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta, proinflammatory chemokines, activated macrophages and increased levels of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkappaB). Inflammasome activation and release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) is common to COVID-19, H1N1, and MAS but does not appear to be a feature of CRS. Elevated levels of IL-18 are detected in patients with COVID-19 and MAS but have not been reported in patients with H1N1 influenza and CRS. Elevated interferon-gamma is common to H1N1, MAS, and CRS but levels of this molecule appear to be depressed in patients with COVID-19. CD4+ T, CD8+ and NK lymphocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of CRS, MAS, and possibly H1N1 but are reduced in number and dysfunctional in COVID-19. Additional elements underpinning the pathophysiology of cytokine storms include Inflammasome activity and DAMPs. Treatment with anakinra may theoretically offer an avenue to positively manipulate the range of biochemical and immune abnormalities reported in COVID-19 and thought to underpin the pathophysiology of cytokine storms beyond those manipulated via the use of, canakinumab, Jak inhibitors or tocilizumab. Thus, despite the relative success of tocilizumab in reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients already on dexamethasone and promising results with Baricitinib, the combination of anakinra in combination with dexamethasone offers the theoretical prospect of further improvements in patient survival. However, there is currently an absence of trial of evidence in favour or contravening this proposition. Accordingly, a large well powered blinded prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test this hypothesis is recommended. Twit Text FOAVip The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared Can one sized treatment fit all ????Cytokine http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34074585 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34074585 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|34074585}}</ref> The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared Can one sized treatment fit all? #MMPMID34074585 Morris G; Bortolasci CC; Puri BK; Marx W; O'Neil A; Athan E; Walder K; Berk M; Olive L; Carvalho AF; Maes M Cytokine 2021[Aug]; 144 (ä): 155593 PMID34074585show ga An analysis of published data appertaining to the cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) reveals many common immunological and biochemical abnormalities. These include evidence of a hyperactive coagulation system with elevated D-dimer and ferritin levels, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) and microthrombi coupled with an activated and highly permeable vascular endothelium. Common immune abnormalities include progressive hypercytokinemia with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta, proinflammatory chemokines, activated macrophages and increased levels of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkappaB). Inflammasome activation and release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) is common to COVID-19, H1N1, and MAS but does not appear to be a feature of CRS. Elevated levels of IL-18 are detected in patients with COVID-19 and MAS but have not been reported in patients with H1N1 influenza and CRS. Elevated interferon-gamma is common to H1N1, MAS, and CRS but levels of this molecule appear to be depressed in patients with COVID-19. CD4+ T, CD8+ and NK lymphocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of CRS, MAS, and possibly H1N1 but are reduced in number and dysfunctional in COVID-19. Additional elements underpinning the pathophysiology of cytokine storms include Inflammasome activity and DAMPs. Treatment with anakinra may theoretically offer an avenue to positively manipulate the range of biochemical and immune abnormalities reported in COVID-19 and thought to underpin the pathophysiology of cytokine storms beyond those manipulated via the use of, canakinumab, Jak inhibitors or tocilizumab. Thus, despite the relative success of tocilizumab in reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients already on dexamethasone and promising results with Baricitinib, the combination of anakinra in combination with dexamethasone offers the theoretical prospect of further improvements in patient survival. However, there is currently an absence of trial of evidence in favour or contravening this proposition. Accordingly, a large well powered blinded prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test this hypothesis is recommended. |*COVID-19 Drug Treatment[MESH] |*COVID-19/immunology/mortality/pathology[MESH] |*Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology[MESH] |Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use[MESH] |Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use[MESH] |Disease-Free Survival[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*immunology[MESH] |Influenza, Human/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/pathology[MESH] |Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism[MESH] |Lymphocytes/immunology/pathology[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2/*immunology[MESH]The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing