Li CH; Chiou HC; Lin MH; Kuo CH; Lin YC; Lin YC; Hung CH; Kuo CH
J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2021[Aug]; 54 (4): 547-556 PMID34023234show ga
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered coronavirus that exhibits many similarities with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively). The definite pathogenesis and immunological influences of SARS-CoV-2 have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we constructed a brief summary comparison of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infections regarding their immunological changes. In addition, we further investigated the immunological differences between severe and nonsevere COVID-19 cases, and we searched for possible immunological predictors of the patient outcome by reviewing case series studies to date. Possible immunological predictors of a poor outcome are leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia (both CD4 and CD8 T cells), an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha), Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma), regulatory T cell cytokines (IL-10) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17). A more precise immunological map needs to be established, which may assist in diagnosing this disease and facilitate immunological precision medicine treatment.
|COVID-19/immunology/*pathology[MESH]
|Cytokines/blood[MESH]
|Humans[MESH]
|Leukocytosis/pathology[MESH]
|Lymphopenia/pathology[MESH]
|Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/*immunology[MESH]
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J+Microbiol+Immunol+Infect 2021 ; 54 (4): 547-556
