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10.1097/EDE.0000000000001366 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001366 34001753!8168935!34001753     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 229.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 229.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 229.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 229.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 229.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Epidemiology 2021 ; 32 (4): 508-517 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=34001753|t=2021. Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines |pdf=|usr=}}{{34001753}} gab.com Text Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines JO: Epidemiology http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34001753 #FOAvip Observational studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages. Twit Text FOAVip Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines ????Epidemiology http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34001753 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=34001753 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|34001753}}</ref> Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines #MMPMID34001753 Lewnard JA; Patel MM; Jewell NP; Verani JR; Kobayashi M; Tenforde MW; Dean NE; Cowling BJ; Lopman BA Epidemiology 2021[Jul]; 32 (4): 508-517 PMID34001753show ga Observational studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages. |*COVID-19[MESH] |*Vaccines[MESH] |COVID-19 Vaccines[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Retrospective Studies[MESH]Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness o(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing