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10.1371/journal.pone.0251366 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1371/journal.pone.0251366 33984055!8118350!33984055     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       PLoS+One 2021 ; 16 (5): e0251366 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33984055|t=2021. Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic |pdf=|usr=}}{{33984055}} gab.com Text Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic JO: PLoS One http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33984055 #FOAvip BACKGROUND: It is of interest to explore the variability in how the COVID-19 pandemic evolved geographically during the first twelve months. To this end, we apply inequality indices over regions to incidences, infection related mortality, and infection fatality rates. If avoiding of inequality in health is an important political goal, a metric must be implemented to track geographical inequality over time. METHODS: The relative and absolute Gini index as well as the Theil index are used to quantify inequality. Data are taken from international data bases. Absolute counts are transformed to rates adjusted for population size. RESULTS: Comparing continents, the absolute Gini index shows an unfavorable development in four continents since February 2020. In contrast, the relative Gini as well as the Theil index support the interpretation of less inequality between European countries compared to other continents. Infection fatality rates within the EU as well as within the U.S. express comparable improvement towards more equality (as measured by both Gini indices). CONCLUSIONS: The use of inequality indices to monitor changes in geographic inequality over time for key health indicators is a valuable tool to inform public health policies. The absolute and relative Gini index behave complementary and should be reported simultaneously in order to gain a meta-perspective on very complex dynamics. Twit Text FOAVip Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic ????PLoS One http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33984055 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33984055 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33984055}}</ref> Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic #MMPMID33984055 Manz KM; Mansmann U PLoS One 2021[]; 16 (5): e0251366 PMID33984055show ga BACKGROUND: It is of interest to explore the variability in how the COVID-19 pandemic evolved geographically during the first twelve months. To this end, we apply inequality indices over regions to incidences, infection related mortality, and infection fatality rates. If avoiding of inequality in health is an important political goal, a metric must be implemented to track geographical inequality over time. METHODS: The relative and absolute Gini index as well as the Theil index are used to quantify inequality. Data are taken from international data bases. Absolute counts are transformed to rates adjusted for population size. RESULTS: Comparing continents, the absolute Gini index shows an unfavorable development in four continents since February 2020. In contrast, the relative Gini as well as the Theil index support the interpretation of less inequality between European countries compared to other continents. Infection fatality rates within the EU as well as within the U.S. express comparable improvement towards more equality (as measured by both Gini indices). CONCLUSIONS: The use of inequality indices to monitor changes in geographic inequality over time for key health indicators is a valuable tool to inform public health policies. The absolute and relative Gini index behave complementary and should be reported simultaneously in order to gain a meta-perspective on very complex dynamics. |*Health Status Disparities[MESH] |COVID-19/*epidemiology/mortality[MESH] |Europe/epidemiology[MESH] |Global Health[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Incidence[MESH] |Pandemics[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification[MESH] |Socioeconomic Factors[MESH]Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mor(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing