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10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8799 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8799 33938935!8094008!33938935     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       JAMA+Netw+Open 2021 ; 4 (5): e218799 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33938935|t=2021. Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US |pdf=|usr=}}{{33938935}} gab.com Text Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US JO: JAMA Netw Open http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33938935 #FOAvip IMPORTANCE: Socioeconomically marginalized communities have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Income inequality may be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between county-level income inequality and COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 2020 through February 2021 in bimonthly time epochs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This ecological cohort study used longitudinal data on county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, in 3220 counties from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: County-level daily COVID-19 case and death data from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, were extracted from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. EXPOSURE: The Gini coefficient, a measure of unequal income distribution (presented as a value between 0 and 1, where 0 represents a perfectly equal geographical region where all income is equally shared and 1 represents a perfectly unequal society where all income is earned by 1 individual), and other county-level data were obtained primarily from the 2014 to 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covariates included median proportions of poverty, age, race/ethnicity, crowding given by occupancy per room, urbanicity and rurality, educational level, number of physicians per 100?000 individuals, state, and mask use at the county level. RESULTS: As of February 28, 2021, on average, each county recorded a median of 8891 cases of COVID-19 per 100?000 individuals (interquartile range, 6935-10?666 cases per 100?000 individuals) and 156 deaths per 100?000 individuals (interquartile range, 94-228 deaths per 100?000 individuals). The median county-level Gini coefficient was 0.44 (interquartile range, 0.42-0.47). There was a positive correlation between Gini coefficients and county-level COVID-19 cases (Spearman rho = 0.052; P < .001) and deaths (Spearman rho = 0.134; P < .001) during the study period. This association varied over time; each 0.05-unit increase in Gini coefficient was associated with an adjusted relative risk of COVID-19 deaths: 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17-1.33) in March and April 2020, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.13-1.28) in May and June 2020, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.37-1.55) in July and August 2020, 1.04 (95% CI, 0.98-1.10) in September and October 2020, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) in November and December 2020, and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07) in January and February 2021 (P < .001 for interaction). The adjusted association of the Gini coefficient with COVID-19 cases also reached a peak in July and August 2020 (relative risk, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.22-1.33]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that income inequality within US counties was associated with more cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the summer months of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vast disparities that exist in health outcomes owing to income inequality in the US. Targeted interventions should be focused on areas of income inequality to both flatten the curve and lessen the burden of inequality. Twit Text FOAVip Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US ????JAMA Netw Open http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33938935 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33938935 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33938935}}</ref> Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US #MMPMID33938935 Tan AX; Hinman JA; Abdel Magid HS; Nelson LM; Odden MC JAMA Netw Open 2021[May]; 4 (5): e218799 PMID33938935show ga IMPORTANCE: Socioeconomically marginalized communities have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Income inequality may be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between county-level income inequality and COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 2020 through February 2021 in bimonthly time epochs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This ecological cohort study used longitudinal data on county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, in 3220 counties from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: County-level daily COVID-19 case and death data from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, were extracted from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. EXPOSURE: The Gini coefficient, a measure of unequal income distribution (presented as a value between 0 and 1, where 0 represents a perfectly equal geographical region where all income is equally shared and 1 represents a perfectly unequal society where all income is earned by 1 individual), and other county-level data were obtained primarily from the 2014 to 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covariates included median proportions of poverty, age, race/ethnicity, crowding given by occupancy per room, urbanicity and rurality, educational level, number of physicians per 100?000 individuals, state, and mask use at the county level. RESULTS: As of February 28, 2021, on average, each county recorded a median of 8891 cases of COVID-19 per 100?000 individuals (interquartile range, 6935-10?666 cases per 100?000 individuals) and 156 deaths per 100?000 individuals (interquartile range, 94-228 deaths per 100?000 individuals). The median county-level Gini coefficient was 0.44 (interquartile range, 0.42-0.47). There was a positive correlation between Gini coefficients and county-level COVID-19 cases (Spearman rho = 0.052; P < .001) and deaths (Spearman rho = 0.134; P < .001) during the study period. This association varied over time; each 0.05-unit increase in Gini coefficient was associated with an adjusted relative risk of COVID-19 deaths: 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17-1.33) in March and April 2020, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.13-1.28) in May and June 2020, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.37-1.55) in July and August 2020, 1.04 (95% CI, 0.98-1.10) in September and October 2020, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) in November and December 2020, and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07) in January and February 2021 (P < .001 for interaction). The adjusted association of the Gini coefficient with COVID-19 cases also reached a peak in July and August 2020 (relative risk, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.22-1.33]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that income inequality within US counties was associated with more cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the summer months of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vast disparities that exist in health outcomes owing to income inequality in the US. Targeted interventions should be focused on areas of income inequality to both flatten the curve and lessen the burden of inequality. |*COVID-19/economics/epidemiology/prevention & control[MESH] |*Communicable Disease Control/methods/standards[MESH] |*Health Status Disparities[MESH] |*Socioeconomic Factors[MESH] |Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data[MESH] |Female[MESH] |Healthcare Disparities/*statistics & numerical data[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Income/*statistics & numerical data[MESH] |Male[MESH] |Middle Aged[MESH] |Mortality[MESH] |Needs Assessment[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2[MESH] |Social Determinants of Health[MESH] |Social Marginalization[MESH]Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing