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10.1016/j.envint.2021.106540 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106540 33838618!7997602!33838618     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 267.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Environ+Int 2021 ; 153 (ä): 106540 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33838618|t=2021. Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis |pdf=|usr=}}{{33838618}} gab.com Text Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis JO: Environ Int http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33838618 #FOAvip The COVID-19 outbreak has forced countries to introduce severe restrictive measures to contain its spread. In particular, physical distancing and restriction of movement have had important consequences on human behaviour and potentially also on illicit drug use and supply. These changes can be associated with additional risks for users, in particular due to reduced access to prevention and harm reduction activities. Furthermore, there have been limitations in the amount of data about drug use which can be collected due to restrictions. To goal of this study was to obtain information about potential changes in illicit drug use impacted by COVID-19 restrictions. Wastewater samples were collected in seven cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy at the beginning of lockdowns (March-May 2020). Using previously established and validated methods, levels of amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), MDMA, benzoylecgonine (BE, the main metabolite of cocaine) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH, main metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) were measured and compared with findings from previous years. Important differences in levels of consumed drugs were observed across the considered countries. Whilst for some substances and locations, marked decreases in consumption could be observed (e.g., 50% decrease in MDMA levels compared to previous years). In some cases, similar or even higher levels compared to previous years could be found. Changes in weekly patterns were also observed, however these were not clearly defined for all locations and/or substances. Findings confirm that the current situation is highly heterogeneous and that it remains very difficult to explain and/or predict the effect that the present pandemic has on illicit drug use and availability. However, given the current difficulty in obtaining data due to restrictions, wastewater analysis can provide relevant information about the situation at the local level, which would be hard to obtain otherwise. Twit Text FOAVip Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis ????Environ Int http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33838618 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33838618 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33838618}}</ref> Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis #MMPMID33838618 Been F; Emke E; Matias J; Baz-Lomba JA; Boogaerts T; Castiglioni S; Campos-Manas M; Celma A; Covaci A; de Voogt P; Hernandez F; Kasprzyk-Hordern B; Laak TT; Reid M; Salgueiro-Gonzalez N; Steenbeek R; van Nuijs ALN; Zuccato E; Bijlsma L Environ Int 2021[Aug]; 153 (ä): 106540 PMID33838618show ga The COVID-19 outbreak has forced countries to introduce severe restrictive measures to contain its spread. In particular, physical distancing and restriction of movement have had important consequences on human behaviour and potentially also on illicit drug use and supply. These changes can be associated with additional risks for users, in particular due to reduced access to prevention and harm reduction activities. Furthermore, there have been limitations in the amount of data about drug use which can be collected due to restrictions. To goal of this study was to obtain information about potential changes in illicit drug use impacted by COVID-19 restrictions. Wastewater samples were collected in seven cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy at the beginning of lockdowns (March-May 2020). Using previously established and validated methods, levels of amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), MDMA, benzoylecgonine (BE, the main metabolite of cocaine) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH, main metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) were measured and compared with findings from previous years. Important differences in levels of consumed drugs were observed across the considered countries. Whilst for some substances and locations, marked decreases in consumption could be observed (e.g., 50% decrease in MDMA levels compared to previous years). In some cases, similar or even higher levels compared to previous years could be found. Changes in weekly patterns were also observed, however these were not clearly defined for all locations and/or substances. Findings confirm that the current situation is highly heterogeneous and that it remains very difficult to explain and/or predict the effect that the present pandemic has on illicit drug use and availability. However, given the current difficulty in obtaining data due to restrictions, wastewater analysis can provide relevant information about the situation at the local level, which would be hard to obtain otherwise. |*COVID-19[MESH] |*Illicit Drugs[MESH] |*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology[MESH] |*Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis[MESH] |Belgium[MESH] |Cities[MESH] |Communicable Disease Control[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Italy[MESH] |Netherlands[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2[MESH] |Spain[MESH] |Substance Abuse Detection[MESH]Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing