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10.1093/ije/dyab022 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1093/ije/dyab022 33657223!7989375!33657223     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Int+J+Epidemiol 2021 ; 50 (3): 732-742 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33657223|t=2021. Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil |pdf=|usr=}}{{33657223}} gab.com Text Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil JO: Int J Epidemiol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33657223 #FOAvip BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality is often associated with a country's health-services structure and social inequality. This study aimed to characterize social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in Sao Paulo, the most populous city in Brazil and Latin America. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study, including COVID-19 deaths among Sao Paulo residents from March to September 2020. Age-standardized mortality rates and unadjusted rate ratios (RRs) [with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were estimated by race, sex, age group, district of residence, household crowding, educational attainment, income level and percentage of households in subnormal areas in each district. Time trends in mortality were assessed using the Joinpoint model. RESULTS: Males presented an 84% increase in COVID-19 mortality compared with females (RR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.79-1.90). Higher mortality rates were observed for Blacks (RR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.67-1.88) and mixed (RR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.37-1.47) compared with Whites, whereas lower mortality was noted for Asians (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.58-0.68). A positive gradient was found for all socio-economic indicators, i.e. increases in disparities denoted by less education, more household crowding, lower income and a higher concentration of subnormal areas were associated with higher mortality rates. A decrease in mortality over time was observed in all racial groups, but it started earlier among Whites and Asians. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal striking social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in Sao Paulo, exposing structural inequities in Brazilian society that were not addressed by the governmental response to COVID-19. Without an equitable response, COVID-19 will further exacerbate current social inequalities in Sao Paulo. Twit Text FOAVip Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil ????Int J Epidemiol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33657223 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33657223 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33657223}}</ref> Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil #MMPMID33657223 Ribeiro KB; Ribeiro AF; Veras MASM; de Castro MC Int J Epidemiol 2021[Jul]; 50 (3): 732-742 PMID33657223show ga BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality is often associated with a country's health-services structure and social inequality. This study aimed to characterize social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in Sao Paulo, the most populous city in Brazil and Latin America. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study, including COVID-19 deaths among Sao Paulo residents from March to September 2020. Age-standardized mortality rates and unadjusted rate ratios (RRs) [with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were estimated by race, sex, age group, district of residence, household crowding, educational attainment, income level and percentage of households in subnormal areas in each district. Time trends in mortality were assessed using the Joinpoint model. RESULTS: Males presented an 84% increase in COVID-19 mortality compared with females (RR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.79-1.90). Higher mortality rates were observed for Blacks (RR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.67-1.88) and mixed (RR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.37-1.47) compared with Whites, whereas lower mortality was noted for Asians (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.58-0.68). A positive gradient was found for all socio-economic indicators, i.e. increases in disparities denoted by less education, more household crowding, lower income and a higher concentration of subnormal areas were associated with higher mortality rates. A decrease in mortality over time was observed in all racial groups, but it started earlier among Whites and Asians. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal striking social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in Sao Paulo, exposing structural inequities in Brazilian society that were not addressed by the governmental response to COVID-19. Without an equitable response, COVID-19 will further exacerbate current social inequalities in Sao Paulo. |*COVID-19[MESH] |Brazil/epidemiology[MESH] |Cities[MESH] |Crowding[MESH] |Family Characteristics[MESH] |Female[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Male[MESH] |Mortality[MESH] |SARS-CoV-2[MESH]Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, B(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing