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Le Bert N; Clapham HE; Tan AT; Chia WN; Tham CYL; Lim JM; Kunasegaran K; Tan LWL; Dutertre CA; Shankar N; Lim JME; Sun LJ; Zahari M; Tun ZM; Kumar V; Lim BL; Lim SH; Chia A; Tan YJ; Tambyah PA; Kalimuddin S; Lye D; Low JGH; Wang LF; Wan WY; Hsu LY; Bertoletti A; Tam CC
J Exp Med 2021[May]; 218 (5): ä PMID33646265show ga
The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a fine balance between antiviral and inflammatory features. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals who clear SARS-CoV-2 without symptoms could reveal nonpathological yet protective characteristics. We longitudinally studied SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in a cohort of asymptomatic (n = 85) and symptomatic (n = 75) COVID-19 patients after seroconversion. We quantified T cells reactive to structural proteins (M, NP, and Spike) using ELISpot and cytokine secretion in whole blood. Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were similar between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, but the former showed an increased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production. This was associated with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta) only in asymptomatic infection, while a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines was triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation in symptomatic individuals. Thus, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are not characterized by weak antiviral immunity; on the contrary, they mount a highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response.