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10.3389/fmolb.2020.606807 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.3389/fmolb.2020.606807 33282915!7705103!33282915     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Front+Mol+Biosci 2020 ; 7 (ä): 606807 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33282915|t=2020. Re-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) From a Stress Metabolite to Bona Fide Secondary Messenger |pdf=|usr=}}{{33282915}} gab.com Text Re-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) From a Stress Metabolite to Bona Fide Secondary Messenger JO: Front Mol Biosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33282915 #FOAvip Cellular homeostasis requires adaption to environmental stress. In response to various environmental and genotoxic stresses, all cells produce dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(n)Ns), the best studied of which is diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A). Despite intensive investigation, the precise biological roles of these molecules have remained elusive. However, recent studies have elucidated distinct and specific signaling mechanisms for these nucleotides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This review summarizes these key discoveries and describes the mechanisms of Ap(4)A and Ap(4)N synthesis, the mediators of the cellular responses to increased intracellular levels of these molecules and the hydrolytic mechanisms required to maintain low levels in the absence of stress. The intracellular responses to dinucleotide accumulation are evaluated in the context of the "friend" and "foe" scenarios. The "friend (or alarmone) hypothesis" suggests that Ap(n)N act as bona fide secondary messengers mediating responses to stress. In contrast, the "foe" hypothesis proposes that Ap(n)N and other Np(n)N are produced by non-canonical enzymatic synthesis as a result of physiological and environmental stress in critically damaged cells but do not actively regulate mitigating signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss potential target proteins, and critically assess new evidence supporting roles for Ap(n)N in the regulation of gene expression, immune responses, DNA replication and DNA repair. The recent advances in the field have generated great interest as they have for the first time revealed some of the molecular mechanisms that mediate cellular responses to Ap(n)N. Finally, areas for future research are discussed with possible but unproven roles for intracellular Ap(n)N to encourage further research into the signaling networks that are regulated by these nucleotides. Twit Text FOAVip Re-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) From a Stress Metabolite to Bona Fide Secondary Messenger ????Front Mol Biosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33282915 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33282915 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33282915}}</ref> Re-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) From a Stress Metabolite to Bona Fide Secondary Messenger #MMPMID33282915 Ferguson F; McLennan AG; Urbaniak MD; Jones NJ; Copeland NA Front Mol Biosci 2020[]; 7 (ä): 606807 PMID33282915show ga Cellular homeostasis requires adaption to environmental stress. In response to various environmental and genotoxic stresses, all cells produce dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(n)Ns), the best studied of which is diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A). Despite intensive investigation, the precise biological roles of these molecules have remained elusive. However, recent studies have elucidated distinct and specific signaling mechanisms for these nucleotides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This review summarizes these key discoveries and describes the mechanisms of Ap(4)A and Ap(4)N synthesis, the mediators of the cellular responses to increased intracellular levels of these molecules and the hydrolytic mechanisms required to maintain low levels in the absence of stress. The intracellular responses to dinucleotide accumulation are evaluated in the context of the "friend" and "foe" scenarios. The "friend (or alarmone) hypothesis" suggests that Ap(n)N act as bona fide secondary messengers mediating responses to stress. In contrast, the "foe" hypothesis proposes that Ap(n)N and other Np(n)N are produced by non-canonical enzymatic synthesis as a result of physiological and environmental stress in critically damaged cells but do not actively regulate mitigating signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss potential target proteins, and critically assess new evidence supporting roles for Ap(n)N in the regulation of gene expression, immune responses, DNA replication and DNA repair. The recent advances in the field have generated great interest as they have for the first time revealed some of the molecular mechanisms that mediate cellular responses to Ap(n)N. Finally, areas for future research are discussed with possible but unproven roles for intracellular Ap(n)N to encourage further research into the signaling networks that are regulated by these nucleotides. äRe-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) From a Stress Met(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing