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10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110284 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110284 33245278!7500330!33245278     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Med+Hypotheses 2020 ; 144 (ä): 110284 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=33245278|t=2020. The paradoxical effect of IL-6 and implications for the use of Tocilizumab in Covid-19 patients |pdf=|usr=}}{{33245278}} gab.com Text The paradoxical effect of IL-6 and implications for the use of Tocilizumab in Covid-19 patients JO: Med Hypotheses http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33245278 #FOAvip In the context of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be more vulnerable to Covid-19, whereas they seem to be protected against severe Covid-19. That paradox has important practical implications for the use of the drug Tocilizumab in Covid-19. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) orchestrates the so-called cytokine storm leading to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the life-threatening condition that is responsible for Covid-19 deaths. However, IL-6 has a paradoxical effect in many viral infections. For pathogens such as HIV and Hepatitis B for example, high elevations show a toxic effect and are associated with higher mortality (e.g. they promote progression to AIDS in HIV patients), whereas mild elevations show a protective effect. IL-6 can be therefore considered as being both a pro-inflammatory and an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Several studies have shown that severe COPD is associated with extremely-high levels of IL-6, whereas mild COPD is associated with mild elevations of IL-6. It is plausible that the chronic, mildly-elevated concentrations of IL-6 found in mild COPD patients is protective against the deterioration of Covid-19, as it is the case for other viral diseases. That may explain why COPD is surprisingly an uncommon comorbidity in Covid-19 intensive care units. This may have an important practical implication for the treatment of Covid-19 patients: our hypothesis is that Tocilizumab must be used exclusively in patients with an ongoing cytokine storm. Otherwise, an early use of Tocilizumab can be harmful, especially in patients affected by COPD or other conditions with mildly-elevated IL-6. Twit Text FOAVip The paradoxical effect of IL-6 and implications for the use of Tocilizumab in Covid-19 patients ????Med Hypotheses http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33245278 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=33245278 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|33245278}}</ref> The paradoxical effect of IL-6 and implications for the use of Tocilizumab in Covid-19 patients #MMPMID33245278 Bruzzese V; Lazzarino AI Med Hypotheses 2020[Nov]; 144 (ä): 110284 PMID33245278show ga In the context of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be more vulnerable to Covid-19, whereas they seem to be protected against severe Covid-19. That paradox has important practical implications for the use of the drug Tocilizumab in Covid-19. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) orchestrates the so-called cytokine storm leading to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), the life-threatening condition that is responsible for Covid-19 deaths. However, IL-6 has a paradoxical effect in many viral infections. For pathogens such as HIV and Hepatitis B for example, high elevations show a toxic effect and are associated with higher mortality (e.g. they promote progression to AIDS in HIV patients), whereas mild elevations show a protective effect. IL-6 can be therefore considered as being both a pro-inflammatory and an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Several studies have shown that severe COPD is associated with extremely-high levels of IL-6, whereas mild COPD is associated with mild elevations of IL-6. It is plausible that the chronic, mildly-elevated concentrations of IL-6 found in mild COPD patients is protective against the deterioration of Covid-19, as it is the case for other viral diseases. That may explain why COPD is surprisingly an uncommon comorbidity in Covid-19 intensive care units. This may have an important practical implication for the treatment of Covid-19 patients: our hypothesis is that Tocilizumab must be used exclusively in patients with an ongoing cytokine storm. Otherwise, an early use of Tocilizumab can be harmful, especially in patients affected by COPD or other conditions with mildly-elevated IL-6. |*COVID-19 Drug Treatment[MESH] |Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use[MESH] |Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use[MESH] |COVID-19/complications/*immunology[MESH] |Cytokines/metabolism[MESH] |HIV Infections/complications[MESH] |Hepatitis B/complications[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Inflammation[MESH] |Interleukin-6/*metabolism[MESH] |Models, Theoretical[MESH] |Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications/*drug therapy/*immunology[MESH] |Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology/virology[MESH]The paradoxical effect of IL-6 and implications for the use of Tociliz(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing