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Ambient ammonia does not appear to inhibit the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens #MMPMID31472338
Aston EJ; Jackwood MW; Gogal RM Jr; Hurley DJ; Fairchild BD; Hilt DA; Cheng S; Tensa LR; Garcia M; Jordan BJ
Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019[Nov]; 217 (?): 109932 PMID31472338show ga
Commercial broilers are commonly exposed to gaseous ammonia (NH(3)) originating from degradation of nitrogen-containing excreta in the litter during the grow-out period. Ammonia concentrations in the air are higher in poorly ventilated houses and appear to coincide with the elevated incidence of respiratory disease occurring during the winter months. This study examined the effect of NH(3) on the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination and protection against homologous serotype challenge in commercial broiler chickens. One-day-old chicks were administered IBV vaccine and exposed to 30-60 ppm of NH(3). At 28 DOA, birds were challenged oculonasally with a pathogenic homologous IBV, and protection was measured by viral detection, clinical signs, ciliostasis, and presence of airsacculitis. IBV-specific serum IgG and lacrimal fluid IgA titers, as well as Harderian gland (HG) immune cell phenotypes, were evaluated. Ammonia exposure was associated with an increased incidence of airsacculitis among non-vaccinated, challenged birds. Vaccinated, NH(3)-exposed birds were completely protected from IBV challenge. Ammonia had subtle effects on cilia morphology and function but did not affect vaccine or challenge virus replication and clearance, clinical signs, ciliostasis, tracheal histopathology scores, or immune responses. In the HG of vaccinated birds, the percent of leukocytes, MHC I(+)/MHC II(hi) expression, IgM(+) expression, and CD8(+) expression was increased, while mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers were nominal. Non-vaccinated, IBV-challenged birds exhibited an increased percent of leukocytes, MHC I(+)/MHC II(hi) expression, and IgM(+) expression in the HG at 5 dpc, followed by increased mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers and CD8(+) expression at 10-14 dpc. In contrast, vaccinated, IBV-challenged birds had a minimal increase in MHC I(+)/MHC II(hi) expression, and serum IgG antibody titers in vaccinated birds increased rapidly. The results indicate that commercial broilers exposed to moderate levels of ambient NH(3) are equally protected against IBV challenge if appropriately vaccinated, and the absence of robust immune activation in vaccinated, challenged birds suggests that the challenge virus was efficiently neutralized before establishing infection. In contrast, ambient NH(3) exposure was associated with a higher incidence of airsacculitis in non-vaccinated, challenged birds, despite the apparent lack of differences in the immune response between birds in the NH(3)-exposed and NH(3) control groups.
Vet+Immunol+Immunopathol 2019 ; 217 (?): 109932
