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White matter astrocytes in health and disease
#MMPMID24231735
Lundgaard I
; Osório MJ
; Kress BT
; Sanggaard S
; Nedergaard M
Neuroscience
2014[Sep]; 276
(?): 161-73
PMID24231735
show ga
Myelination by oligodendrocytes is a highly specialized process that relies on
intimate interactions between the axon and the oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes have
an important part in facilitating myelination in the CNS, however, comparatively
less is known about how they affect myelination. This review therefore summarizes
the literature and explores lingering questions surrounding differences between
white matter and gray matter astrocytes, how astrocytes support myelination, how
their dysfunction in pathological states contributes to myelin pathologies and
how astrocytes may facilitate remyelination. We discuss how astrocytes in the
white matter are specialized to promote myelination and myelin maintenance by
clearance of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters and by secretion of
pro-myelinating factors. Additionally, astrocyte-oligodendrocyte coupling via gap
junctions is crucial for both myelin formation and maintenance, due to K(+)
buffering and possibly metabolic support for oligodendrocytes via the panglial
syncytium. Dysfunctional astrocytes aberrantly affect oligodendrocytes, as
exemplified by a number of leukodystrophies in which astrocytic pathology is
known as the direct cause of myelin pathology. Conversely, in primary
demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, astrocytes may facilitate
remyelination. We suggest that specific manipulation of astrocytes could help
prevent myelin pathologies and successfully restore myelin sheaths after
demyelination.
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