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2015 ; 4
(2
): 202-17
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WIPI-Mediated Autophagy and Longevity
#MMPMID26010754
Grimmel M
; Backhaus C
; Proikas-Cezanne T
Cells
2015[May]; 4
(2
): 202-17
PMID26010754
show ga
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process for cytoplasmic components,
including organelles, membranes, and proteins, and critically secures eukaryotic
cellular homeostasis and survival. Moreover, autophagy-related (ATG) genes are
considered essential for longevity control in model organisms. Central to the
regulatory relationship between autophagy and longevity is the control of
insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor-driven activation of mTOR
(mechanistic target of rapamycin), which inhibits WIPI (WD repeat protein
interacting with phosphoinositides)-mediated autophagosome formation. Release of
the inhibitory mTOR action on autophagy permits the production of PI3P
(phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate), predominantly at the endoplasmic reticulum,
to function as an initiation signal for the formation of autophagosomes. WIPI
proteins detect this pool of newly produced PI3P and function as essential PI3P
effector proteins that recruit downstream autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. The
important role of WIPI proteins in autophagy is highlighted by functional
knockout of the WIPI homologues ATG-18 and EPG-6 in Caenorhabditis elegans (C.
elegans). Adult lifespan is significantly reduced in ATG-18 mutant animals,
demonstrating that longevity as such is crucially determined by essential
autophagy factors. In this review we summarize the role of WIPI proteins and
their C. elegans homologues with regard to the molecular basis of aging. As the
development of strategies on how to increase health span in humans is
increasingly appreciated, we speculate that targeting WIPI protein function might
represent a therapeutic opportunity to fight and delay the onset of age-related
human diseases.